---
title: Ascertain the faculty by which a shark may detect prey concealed ben… — Sharks · tree and pragmatics
description: Ascertain the faculty by which a shark may detect prey concealed beneath the sand. Exam question 3 of lesson 28 «Sharks» of the biology course of Mova's primary school, with the dependency tree and pragmatics of the question and of each option; Mova's choice was wrong.
---

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# Exam question 3 · Sharks

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Ascertain the faculty by which a shark may detect prey concealed beneath the sand.

<!-- .vintro -->
**Mova's choice:** option 1 · **The right answer:** option 3 · wrong ✗ · **Who acts:** you, shark · **What happens:** ascertain, detect, conceal · **To what, where:** faculty, prey, sand

<!-- .vabout -->
This is exam question 3 of lesson 28 «Sharks» of the biology course of Mova's primary school, asked in stiff, formal language. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: [the test at school](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/school-run/biology/28-sharks/#e3).

## The question {#question}

```conllu
# sent_id = question:biology:28-sharks:e3:1
# text = Ascertain the faculty by which a shark may detect prey concealed beneath the sand.
1	Ascertain	ascertain	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
2	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
3	faculty	faculty	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obj	_	_
4	by	by	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
5	which	which	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	9	obl	_	_
6	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	shark	shark	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	nsubj	_	_
8	may	may	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	9	aux	_	_
9	detect	detect	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	3	acl:relcl	_	_
10	prey	prey	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	obj	_	_
11	concealed	conceal	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	10	acl	_	_
12	beneath	beneath	ADP	IN	_	14	case	_	_
13	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	14	det	_	_
14	sand	sand	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **ascertain** | imperative | you *not said here* | the faculty |  |  |  |  | vn discover-84 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent faculty=Topic |
| 2 | **detect** | may | a shark | prey |  |  |  | by the faculty | vn see-30.1-1 «NP V S»: agent=Experiencer prey=Stimulus |
| 3 | **conceal** | participle |  | prey *not said here* |  | the sand |  |  | vn concealment-16 «NP V NP PP.location»: agent=Agent beneath sand=Location |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## The options {#options}

### Option 1 · ← Mova's choice {#o1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Vision through the sand

```conllu
# sent_id = question:biology:28-sharks:e3:o1:1
# text = Vision through the sand
1	Vision	vision	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
2	through	through	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	sand	sand	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	nmod	_	_
```

<!-- .note -->
The frames reader finds no event or fact in this sentence.

### Option 2 {#o2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Taste at a great distance

```conllu
# sent_id = question:biology:28-sharks:e3:o2:1
# text = Taste at a great distance
1	Taste	taste	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
2	at	at	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
3	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
4	great	great	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	amod	_	_
5	distance	distance	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	nmod	_	_
```

<!-- .note -->
The frames reader finds no event or fact in this sentence.

### Option 3 · ✓ the right answer {#o3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Electroreception by means of the ampullae of Lorenzini

```conllu
# sent_id = question:biology:28-sharks:e3:o3:1
# text = Electroreception by means of the ampullae of Lorenzini
1	Electroreception	electroreception	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
2	by	by	ADP	IN	_	1	fixed	_	_
3	means	mean	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	of	of	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	ampullae	ampulla	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obl	_	_
7	of	of	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
8	Lorenzini	Lorenzini	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	6	nmod	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **mean** | present | Electroreception |  |  |  |  | of the ampullae of Lorenzini | vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S»: agent=Agent |

### Option 4 {#o4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Detection of light emitted by the prey

```conllu
# sent_id = question:biology:28-sharks:e3:o4:1
# text = Detection of light emitted by the prey
1	Detection	detection	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
2	of	of	ADP	IN	_	3	case	_	_
3	light	light	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	nmod	_	_
4	emitted	emit	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	1	acl	_	_
5	by	by	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	prey	prey	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **emit** | participle |  | Detection of light *not said here* |  |  |  | by the prey | vn substance\_emission-43.4 «NP V NP»: agent=Source |
| 2 | **detect** |  |  | light |  |  |  |  | nom detection «cognition transitive»: of=patient |

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**Text:** the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (`world/data/school/`), as the course runner gave them to the student. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

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