---
title: Identify the mechanism by which the toe pads of tree frogs adhere to… — Frogs of the world: tree frogs, glass… · tree and pragmatics
description: Identify the mechanism by which the toe pads of tree frogs adhere to smooth surfaces. Exam question 1 of lesson 308 «Frogs of the world: tree frogs, glass frogs, flying frogs and the goliath frog» of the biology course of Mova's primary school, with the dependency tree and pragmatics of the question
---

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# Exam question 1 · Frogs of the world: tree frogs, glass frogs, flying frogs…

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Identify the mechanism by which the toe pads of tree frogs adhere to smooth surfaces.

<!-- .vintro -->
**Mova's choice:** option 1 · **The right answer:** option 4 · wrong ✗ · **Who acts:** you, toe pads · **What happens:** identify, adhere, smooth · **To what, where:** mechanism, surfaces

<!-- .vabout -->
This is exam question 1 of lesson 308 «Frogs of the world: tree frogs, glass frogs, flying frogs and the goliath frog» of the biology course of Mova's primary school, asked in stiff, formal language. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: [the test at school](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/school-run/biology/308-frogs-of-the-world-tree-frogs-glass-frogs-flying-frogs-and-the-goliath-frog/#e1).

## The question {#question}

```conllu
# sent_id = question:biology:308-frogs-of-the-world-tree-frogs-glass-frogs-flying-frogs-and-the-goliath-frog:e1:1
# text = Identify the mechanism by which the toe pads of tree frogs adhere to smooth surfaces.
1	Identify	identify	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
2	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
3	mechanism	mechanism	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obj	_	_
4	by	by	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
5	which	which	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	12	obl	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
7	toe	toe	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	compound	_	_
8	pads	pad	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	12	nsubj	_	_
9	of	of	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
10	tree	tree	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	compound	_	_
11	frogs	frog	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	8	nmod	_	_
12	adhere	adhere	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	3	acl:relcl	_	_
13	to	to	PART	TO	_	14	mark	_	_
14	smooth	smooth	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	12	xcomp	_	_
15	surfaces	surface	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	14	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **identify** | imperative | you *not said here* | the mechanism |  |  |  |  | vn characterize-29.2-1-1 «NP V NP S\_ING»: agent=Agent mechanism=Theme |
| 2 | **adhere** | present | the toe pads of tree frogs |  |  |  |  | by the mechanism | tree rules |
| 3 | **smooth** | to-infinitive | the toe pads of tree frogs *not said here* | surfaces |  |  |  |  | vn other\_cos-45.4 «NP V NP.patient»: agent=Agent surface=Patient |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## The options {#options}

### Option 1 · ← Mova's choice {#o1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A permanent glue secreted by the claws

```conllu
# sent_id = question:biology:308-frogs-of-the-world-tree-frogs-glass-frogs-flying-frogs-and-the-goliath-frog:e1:o1:1
# text = A permanent glue secreted by the claws
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	permanent	permanent	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	glue	glue	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
4	secreted	secrete	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	3	acl	_	_
5	by	by	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	claws	claw	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	obl	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **secrete** | participle |  | a permanent glue *not said here* |  |  |  | by the claws | tree rules |

### Option 2 {#o2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Microscopic hooks that penetrate the surface

```conllu
# sent_id = question:biology:308-frogs-of-the-world-tree-frogs-glass-frogs-flying-frogs-and-the-goliath-frog:e1:o2:1
# text = Microscopic hooks that penetrate the surface
1	Microscopic	microscopic	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	amod	_	_
2	hooks	hook	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	0	root	_	_
3	that	that	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	4	nsubj	_	_
4	penetrate	penetrate	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	2	acl:relcl	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	surface	surface	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obj	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **penetrate** | present | Microscopic hooks | the surface |  |  |  |  | vn poke-19 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent surface=Patient |

### Option 3 {#o3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Suction generated by the lungs of the frog

```conllu
# sent_id = question:biology:308-frogs-of-the-world-tree-frogs-glass-frogs-flying-frogs-and-the-goliath-frog:e1:o3:1
# text = Suction generated by the lungs of the frog
1	Suction	suction	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
2	generated	generate	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	1	acl	_	_
3	by	by	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	lungs	lung	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obl	_	_
6	of	of	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	frog	frog	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nmod	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **generate** | participle |  | Suction *not said here* |  |  |  | by the lungs of the frog | vn grow-26.2.1 «NP.patient V PP.product»: agent=Patient |

### Option 4 · ✓ the right answer {#o4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Minute hexagonal cells separated by mucus, gripping in the manner of a wet tyre

<!-- fold The tree, 14 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = question:biology:308-frogs-of-the-world-tree-frogs-glass-frogs-flying-frogs-and-the-goliath-frog:e1:o4:1
# text = Minute hexagonal cells separated by mucus, gripping in the manner of a wet tyre
1	Minute	minute	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
2	hexagonal	hexagonal	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	cells	cell	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	0	root	_	_
4	separated	separate	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	3	acl	_	_
5	by	by	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
6	mucus	mucus	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	8	punct	_	_
8	gripping	grip	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	3	acl	_	_
9	in	in	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
10	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	11	det	_	_
11	manner	manner	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	obl	_	_
12	of	of	ADP	IN	_	15	case	_	_
13	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	15	det	_	_
14	wet	wet	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	15	amod	_	_
15	tyre	tyre	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	nmod	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **separate** | participle |  | Minute hexagonal cells *not said here* |  |  |  | by mucus | vn separate-23.1-1-1 «NP V»: agent=Patient |
| 2 | **grip** | gerund | Minute hexagonal cells *not said here* |  |  | the manner of a wet tyre |  |  | vn touch-20-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent |

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**Text:** the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (`world/data/school/`), as the course runner gave them to the student. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

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