---
title: Which of the following statements most accurately characterises the… — Frogs and toads near home: spawn, croa… · tree and pragmatics
description: Which of the following statements most accurately characterises the unken reflex of the fire-bellied toad? Exam question 3 of lesson 309 «Frogs and toads near home: spawn, croaking choruses, toad crossings and the fire-bellied toad» of the biology course of Mova's primary school, with the dependency
---

<!-- md -->
[Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/questions/biology/309-frogs-and-toads-near-home-spawn-croaking-choruses-toad-crossings-and-the-fire-bellied-toad/e3/)

<!-- crumbs -->
[home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [questions](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/questions/) / [Biology](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/questions/biology/) / [Frogs and toads near home: spawn, croa…](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/questions/biology/309-frogs-and-toads-near-home-spawn-croaking-choruses-toad-crossings-and-the-fire-bellied-toad/) / e3

# Exam question 3 · Frogs and toads near home: spawn, croaking choruses, toad…

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Which of the following statements most accurately characterises the unken reflex of the fire-bellied toad?

<!-- .vintro -->
**Mova's choice:** option 1 · **The right answer:** option 4 · wrong ✗ · **What happens:** follow, characteris, belly · **To what, where:** unken reflex

<!-- .vabout -->
This is exam question 3 of lesson 309 «Frogs and toads near home: spawn, croaking choruses, toad crossings and the fire-bellied toad» of the biology course of Mova's primary school, asked in stiff, formal language. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: [the test at school](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/school-run/biology/309-frogs-and-toads-near-home-spawn-croaking-choruses-toad-crossings-and-the-fire-bellied-toad/#e3).

## The question {#question}

```conllu
# sent_id = question:biology:309-frogs-and-toads-near-home-spawn-croaking-choruses-toad-crossings-and-the-fire-bellied-toad:e3:1
# text = Which of the following statements most accurately characterises the unken reflex of the fire-bellied toad?
1	Which	which	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	8	nsubj	_	_
2	of	of	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
4	following	follow	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	5	amod	_	_
5	statements	statement	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	8	obl	_	_
6	most	most	ADV	RBS	Degree=Sup	7	advmod	_	_
7	accurately	accurately	ADV	RB	_	8	advmod	_	_
8	characterises	characteris	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
9	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	11	det	_	_
10	unken	unken	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	11	amod	_	_
11	reflex	reflex	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	obj	_	_
12	of	of	ADP	IN	_	17	case	_	_
13	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	17	det	_	_
14	fire	fire	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	16	compound	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	14	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	bellied	belly	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	17	amod	_	_
17	toad	toad	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
18	?	?	PUNCT	.	_	8	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **follow** | gerund |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn occur-48.3-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 2 | **characteris** | present |  | the unken reflex of the bellied toad |  |  |  | of the following statements; accurately *property* | tree rules |
| 3 | **belly** | participle |  |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## The options {#options}

### Option 1 · ← Mova's choice {#o1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The inflation of the vocal sac to produce a loud call audible across the marsh

<!-- fold The tree, 15 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = question:biology:309-frogs-and-toads-near-home-spawn-croaking-choruses-toad-crossings-and-the-fire-bellied-toad:e3:o1:1
# text = The inflation of the vocal sac to produce a loud call audible across the marsh
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	inflation	inflation	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
3	of	of	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
5	vocal	vocal	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	sac	sac	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nmod	_	_
7	to	to	PART	TO	_	8	mark	_	_
8	produce	produce	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	2	acl	_	_
9	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	12	det	_	_
10	loud	loud	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	12	amod	_	_
11	call	call	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	12	compound	_	_
12	audible	audible	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	obj	_	_
13	across	across	ADP	IN	_	15	case	_	_
14	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	15	det	_	_
15	marsh	marsh	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	obl	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **produce** | to-infinitive |  | a loud call audible |  | the marsh |  |  | vn create-26.4 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent audible=Result |
| 2 | **inflate** |  |  | the vocal sac |  |  |  |  | nom inflation «process transitive»: of=patient |

### Option 2 {#o2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The burial of the toad within mud during the winter

```conllu
# sent_id = question:biology:309-frogs-and-toads-near-home-spawn-croaking-choruses-toad-crossings-and-the-fire-bellied-toad:e3:o2:1
# text = The burial of the toad within mud during the winter
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	burial	burial	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
3	of	of	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	toad	toad	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nmod	_	_
6	within	within	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
7	mud	mud	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nmod	_	_
8	during	during	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
9	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
10	winter	winter	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nmod	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **bury** |  |  | the toad within mud |  |  | during the winter |  | nom burial «event transitive»: of=patient during=obl |

### Option 3 {#o3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A sudden leap into deep water to escape predators

```conllu
# sent_id = question:biology:309-frogs-and-toads-near-home-spawn-croaking-choruses-toad-crossings-and-the-fire-bellied-toad:e3:o3:1
# text = A sudden leap into deep water to escape predators
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	sudden	sudden	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	leap	leap	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
4	into	into	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	deep	deep	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	water	water	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nmod	_	_
7	to	to	PART	TO	_	8	mark	_	_
8	escape	escape	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	3	acl	_	_
9	predators	predator	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	8	obj	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **escape** | to-infinitive |  | predators |  |  |  |  | vn escape-51.1-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Theme predator=Initial\_Location |

### Option 4 · ✓ the right answer {#o4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
An arching of the back that displays a brightly coloured belly as a warning

```conllu
# sent_id = question:biology:309-frogs-and-toads-near-home-spawn-croaking-choruses-toad-crossings-and-the-fire-bellied-toad:e3:o4:1
# text = An arching of the back that displays a brightly coloured belly as a warning
1	An	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	arching	arching	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
3	of	of	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	back	back	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nmod	_	_
6	that	that	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	7	nsubj	_	_
7	displays	display	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	2	acl:relcl	_	_
8	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	11	det	_	_
9	brightly	brightly	ADV	RB	_	10	advmod	_	_
10	coloured	coloured	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	11	amod	_	_
11	belly	belly	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	obj	_	_
12	as	as	ADP	IN	_	14	case	_	_
13	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	14	det	_	_
14	warning	warning	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	obl	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **display** | present | a arching of the back | a coloured belly |  |  |  | as a warning | vn reflexive\_appearance-48.1.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent belly=Theme |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (`world/data/school/`), as the course runner gave them to the student. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

<!-- pn -->
- ← previous: [Frogs and toads near home: spawn, croa…, exam 2](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/questions/biology/309-frogs-and-toads-near-home-spawn-croaking-choruses-toad-crossings-and-the-fire-bellied-toad/e2/)
- next →: [Frogs and toads near home: spawn, croa…, exam 4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/questions/biology/309-frogs-and-toads-near-home-spawn-croaking-choruses-toad-crossings-and-the-fire-bellied-toad/e4/)
- ↑ back to [Frogs and toads near home: spawn, croaking choruses, toad crossings and the fire-bellied toad](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/questions/biology/309-frogs-and-toads-near-home-spawn-croaking-choruses-toad-crossings-and-the-fire-bellied-toad/)