---
title: Identify the principal means by which the epaulette shark proceeds b… — Sharks by kind, small and strange: wal… · tree and pragmatics
description: Identify the principal means by which the epaulette shark proceeds between rock pools at low tide. Exam question 1 of lesson 311 «Sharks by kind, small and strange: walking sharks, wobbegongs, cookiecutters and goblin sharks» of the biology course of Mova's primary school, with the dependency tree a
---

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# Exam question 1 · Sharks by kind, small and strange: walking sharks, wobbego…

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Identify the principal means by which the epaulette shark proceeds between rock pools at low tide.

<!-- .vintro -->
**Mova's choice:** option 1 · **The right answer:** option 1 · right ✓ · **Who acts:** you, principal, epaulette shark · **What happens:** identify, mean, proceed

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This is exam question 1 of lesson 311 «Sharks by kind, small and strange: walking sharks, wobbegongs, cookiecutters and goblin sharks» of the biology course of Mova's primary school, asked in stiff, formal language. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: [the test at school](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/school-run/biology/311-sharks-by-kind-small-and-strange-walking-sharks-wobbegongs-cookiecutters-and-goblin-sharks/#e1).

## The question {#question}

```conllu
# sent_id = question:biology:311-sharks-by-kind-small-and-strange-walking-sharks-wobbegongs-cookiecutters-and-goblin-sharks:e1:1
# text = Identify the principal means by which the epaulette shark proceeds between rock pools at low tide.
1	Identify	identify	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
2	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
3	principal	principal	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
4	means	mean	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	1	ccomp	_	_
5	by	by	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
6	which	which	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	10	obl	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
8	epaulette	epaulette	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	compound	_	_
9	shark	shark	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	nsubj	_	_
10	proceeds	proceed	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	parataxis	_	_
11	between	between	ADP	IN	_	13	case	_	_
12	rock	rock	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	13	compound	_	_
13	pools	pool	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	10	obl	_	_
14	at	at	ADP	IN	_	16	case	_	_
15	low	low	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	16	amod	_	_
16	tide	tide	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	13	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
17	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **identify** | imperative | you *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn characterize-29.2-1-1 «NP V S\_ING»: agent=Agent clause=Theme |
| 2 | **mean** | present | the principal |  |  |  |  |  | vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S»: agent=Agent |
| 3 | **proceed** | present | the epaulette shark |  |  |  |  | between rock pools at low tide | vn begin-55.1 «NP V S\_INF»: agent=Agent |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## The options {#options}

### Option 1 · ← Mova's choice · ✓ the right answer {#o1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
By ambulation upon its paired pectoral and pelvic fins

```conllu
# sent_id = question:biology:311-sharks-by-kind-small-and-strange-walking-sharks-wobbegongs-cookiecutters-and-goblin-sharks:e1:o1:1
# text = By ambulation upon its paired pectoral and pelvic fins
1	By	by	ADP	IN	_	2	case	_	_
2	ambulation	ambulation	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
3	upon	upon	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
4	its	its	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	6	nmod:poss	_	_
5	paired	pair	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	6	amod	_	_
6	pectoral	pectoral	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nmod	_	_
7	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	9	cc	_	_
8	pelvic	pelvic	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	9	amod	_	_
9	fins	fin	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	conj	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **pair** | participle |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn amalgamate-22.2-2 «NP V ADVP-Middle»: agent=Patient |

### Option 2 {#o2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
By rolling its body along the substrate

```conllu
# sent_id = question:biology:311-sharks-by-kind-small-and-strange-walking-sharks-wobbegongs-cookiecutters-and-goblin-sharks:e1:o2:1
# text = By rolling its body along the substrate
1	By	by	SCONJ	IN	_	2	mark	_	_
2	rolling	roll	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	0	root	_	_
3	its	its	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	4	nmod:poss	_	_
4	body	body	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
5	along	along	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	substrate	substrate	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **roll** | gerund |  | its body |  | the substrate |  |  | vn run-51.3.2-2 «NP V NP PP.trajectory»: agent=Agent body=Theme along substrate=Trajectory |

### Option 3 {#o3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
By leaping from the water by means of its tail

```conllu
# sent_id = question:biology:311-sharks-by-kind-small-and-strange-walking-sharks-wobbegongs-cookiecutters-and-goblin-sharks:e1:o3:1
# text = By leaping from the water by means of its tail
1	By	by	SCONJ	IN	_	2	mark	_	_
2	leaping	leap	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	7	advcl	_	_
3	from	from	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	water	water	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	_
6	by	by	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
7	means	mean	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
8	of	of	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
9	its	its	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	10	nmod:poss	_	_
10	tail	tail	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	obl	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **leap** | gerund |  |  |  | the water |  |  | vn run-51.3.2-1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme from water=Trajectory |
| 2 | **mean** | present |  |  |  |  |  | of water's tail | vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S»: agent=Agent |

### Option 4 {#o4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
By remaining stationary until the tide returns

```conllu
# sent_id = question:biology:311-sharks-by-kind-small-and-strange-walking-sharks-wobbegongs-cookiecutters-and-goblin-sharks:e1:o4:1
# text = By remaining stationary until the tide returns
1	By	by	SCONJ	IN	_	2	mark	_	_
2	remaining	remain	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	0	root	_	_
3	stationary	stationary	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
4	until	until	SCONJ	IN	_	7	mark	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	tide	tide	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nsubj	_	_
7	returns	return	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	2	advcl	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **remain** | gerund |  | stationary |  |  |  |  | vn seem-109-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Theme stationary=Attribute |
| 2 | **return** | present | the tide |  |  |  |  |  | vn escape-51.1-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |

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**Text:** the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (`world/data/school/`), as the course runner gave them to the student. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

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