---
title: Identify the structure that supports the membrane of a bat's wing. — Bats of the world: flying foxes, vampi… · tree and pragmatics
description: Identify the structure that supports the membrane of a bat's wing. Exam question 1 of lesson 314 «Bats of the world: flying foxes, vampire bats, the bumblebee bat and tent-makers» of the biology course of Mova's primary school, with the dependency tree and pragmatics of the question and of each opti
---

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# Exam question 1 · Bats of the world: flying foxes, vampire bats, the bumbleb…

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Identify the structure that supports the membrane of a bat's wing.

<!-- .vintro -->
**Mova's choice:** option 1 · **The right answer:** option 4 · wrong ✗ · **Who acts:** you, structure · **What happens:** identify, support · **To what, where:** structure, membrane

<!-- .vabout -->
This is exam question 1 of lesson 314 «Bats of the world: flying foxes, vampire bats, the bumblebee bat and tent-makers» of the biology course of Mova's primary school, asked in stiff, formal language. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: [the test at school](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/school-run/biology/314-bats-of-the-world-flying-foxes-vampire-bats-the-bumblebee-bat-and-tent-makers/#e1).

## The question {#question}

```conllu
# sent_id = question:biology:314-bats-of-the-world-flying-foxes-vampire-bats-the-bumblebee-bat-and-tent-makers:e1:1
# text = Identify the structure that supports the membrane of a bat's wing.
1	Identify	identify	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
2	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
3	structure	structure	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obj	_	_
4	that	that	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	5	nsubj	_	_
5	supports	support	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	3	acl:relcl	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	membrane	membrane	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obj	_	_
8	of	of	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
9	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
10	bat	bat	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	12	nmod:poss	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	's	's	PART	POS	_	10	case	_	_
12	wing	wing	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **identify** | imperative | you *not said here* | the structure |  |  |  |  | vn characterize-29.2-1-1 «NP V NP S\_ING»: agent=Agent structure=Theme |
| 2 | **support** | present | the structure | the membrane of a bat's wing |  |  |  |  | vn admire-31.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Experiencer membrane=Stimulus |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## The options {#options}

### Option 1 · ← Mova's choice {#o1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Cartilaginous rods unconnected with the hand

```conllu
# sent_id = question:biology:314-bats-of-the-world-flying-foxes-vampire-bats-the-bumblebee-bat-and-tent-makers:e1:o1:1
# text = Cartilaginous rods unconnected with the hand
1	Cartilaginous	Cartilaginous	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	2	nsubj	_	_
2	rods	rod	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	unconnected	unconnected	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	xcomp	_	_
4	with	with	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	hand	hand	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **rod** | present | Cartilaginous |  |  |  |  | with the hand; unconnected *property* | tree rules |

### Option 2 {#o2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A series of feathers anchored in the skin

```conllu
# sent_id = question:biology:314-bats-of-the-world-flying-foxes-vampire-bats-the-bumblebee-bat-and-tent-makers:e1:o2:1
# text = A series of feathers anchored in the skin
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	series	series	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
3	of	of	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
4	feathers	feather	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	nmod	_	_
5	anchored	anchor	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	4	acl	_	_
6	in	in	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	skin	skin	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obl	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **anchor** | participle |  | feathers *not said here* |  | the skin |  |  | vn tape-22.4 «NP V ADV-Middle»: agent=Patient |

### Option 3 {#o3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A single elongated bone extending from the shoulder

```conllu
# sent_id = question:biology:314-bats-of-the-world-flying-foxes-vampire-bats-the-bumblebee-bat-and-tent-makers:e1:o3:1
# text = A single elongated bone extending from the shoulder
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
2	single	single	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	amod	_	_
3	elongated	elongate	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	4	amod	_	_
4	bone	bone	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
5	extending	extend	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	4	acl	_	_
6	from	from	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	shoulder	shoulder	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obl	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **elongate** | participle |  |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **extend** | gerund | a single elongated bone *not said here* |  |  | the shoulder |  |  | vn exist-47.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |

### Option 4 · ✓ the right answer {#o4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Four elongated digits of the forelimb, with the thumb remaining short and clawed

```conllu
# sent_id = question:biology:314-bats-of-the-world-flying-foxes-vampire-bats-the-bumblebee-bat-and-tent-makers:e1:o4:1
# text = Four elongated digits of the forelimb, with the thumb remaining short and clawed
1	Four	four	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	3	nummod	_	_
2	elongated	elongate	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	3	amod	_	_
3	digits	digit	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	0	root	_	_
4	of	of	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	forelimb	forelimb	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	10	punct	_	_
8	with	with	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
9	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
10	thumb	thumb	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	conj	_	_
11	remaining	remain	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	10	acl	_	_
12	short	short	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	11	xcomp	_	_
13	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	14	cc	_	_
14	clawed	claw	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	12	conj	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **elongate** | participle |  |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **remain** | gerund | the thumb *not said here* |  |  |  |  | short *property* | vn exist-47.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 3 | **claw** | participle | the thumb *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn swat-18.2 «NP V PP»: agent=Agent |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (`world/data/school/`), as the course runner gave them to the student. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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