---
title: Ascertain the reason for which a bat expends little effort when hang… — Bats of the world: flying foxes, vampi… · tree and pragmatics
description: Ascertain the reason for which a bat expends little effort when hanging inverted. Exam question 4 of lesson 314 «Bats of the world: flying foxes, vampire bats, the bumblebee bat and tent-makers» of the biology course of Mova's primary school, with the dependency tree and pragmatics of the question a
---

<!-- md -->
[Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/questions/biology/314-bats-of-the-world-flying-foxes-vampire-bats-the-bumblebee-bat-and-tent-makers/e4/)

<!-- crumbs -->
[home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [questions](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/questions/) / [Biology](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/questions/biology/) / [Bats of the world: flying foxes, vampi…](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/questions/biology/314-bats-of-the-world-flying-foxes-vampire-bats-the-bumblebee-bat-and-tent-makers/) / e4

# Exam question 4 · Bats of the world: flying foxes, vampire bats, the bumbleb…

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Ascertain the reason for which a bat expends little effort when hanging inverted.

<!-- .vintro -->
**Mova's choice:** option 1 · **The right answer:** option 1 · right ✓ · **Who acts:** you, bat · **What happens:** ascertain, expend, invert · **To what, where:** reason, little effort

<!-- .vabout -->
This is exam question 4 of lesson 314 «Bats of the world: flying foxes, vampire bats, the bumblebee bat and tent-makers» of the biology course of Mova's primary school, asked in stiff, formal language. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: [the test at school](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/school-run/biology/314-bats-of-the-world-flying-foxes-vampire-bats-the-bumblebee-bat-and-tent-makers/#e4).

## The question {#question}

```conllu
# sent_id = question:biology:314-bats-of-the-world-flying-foxes-vampire-bats-the-bumblebee-bat-and-tent-makers:e4:1
# text = Ascertain the reason for which a bat expends little effort when hanging inverted.
1	Ascertain	ascertain	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
2	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
3	reason	reason	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obj	_	_
4	for	for	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
5	which	which	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	8	obl	_	_
6	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	bat	bat	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	nsubj	_	_
8	expends	expend	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	3	acl	_	_
9	little	little	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	10	amod	_	_
10	effort	effort	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	obj	_	_
11	when	when	ADV	WRB	PronType=Int	13	advmod	_	_
12	hanging	hang	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	13	aux:pass	_	_
13	inverted	invert	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	8	advcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **ascertain** | imperative | you *not said here* | the reason |  |  |  |  | vn discover-84 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent reason=Topic |
| 2 | **expend** | present | a bat | little effort |  |  |  | for the reason | tree rules |
| 3 | **invert** | gerund · passive | a bat *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn remedy-45.7 «NP V NP.patient» |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## The options {#options}

### Option 1 · ← Mova's choice · ✓ the right answer {#o1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Tendons lock the toes in a closed position without muscular effort

```conllu
# sent_id = question:biology:314-bats-of-the-world-flying-foxes-vampire-bats-the-bumblebee-bat-and-tent-makers:e4:o1:1
# text = Tendons lock the toes in a closed position without muscular effort
1	Tendons	tendon	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	nsubj	_	_
2	lock	lock	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	toes	toe	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obj	_	_
5	in	in	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
6	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
7	closed	close	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	8	amod	_	_
8	position	position	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	_
9	without	without	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
10	muscular	muscular	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	11	amod	_	_
11	effort	effort	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **lock** | present | Tendons | the toes |  | a closed position |  | without muscular effort | vn tape-22.4 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent toe=Patient |
| 2 | **close** | participle |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn other\_cos-45.4 «NP.patient V»: agent=Patient |

### Option 2 {#o2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The bat grips continuously with its teeth

```conllu
# sent_id = question:biology:314-bats-of-the-world-flying-foxes-vampire-bats-the-bumblebee-bat-and-tent-makers:e4:o2:1
# text = The bat grips continuously with its teeth
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	bat	bat	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	grips	grip	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	continuously	continuously	ADV	RB	_	3	advmod	_	_
5	with	with	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	its	its	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	7	nmod:poss	_	_
7	teeth	tooth	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obl	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **grip** | present | the bat |  |  |  |  | with bat's teeth; continuously *property* | vn touch-20-1 «NP V NP PP.instrument»: agent=Agent with tooth=Instrument |

### Option 3 {#o3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The bat's weight is supported by its folded wings

```conllu
# sent_id = question:biology:314-bats-of-the-world-flying-foxes-vampire-bats-the-bumblebee-bat-and-tent-makers:e4:o3:1
# text = The bat's weight is supported by its folded wings
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	bat	bat	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nmod:poss	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	's	's	PART	POS	_	2	case	_	_
4	weight	weight	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nsubj:pass	_	_
5	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	aux:pass	_	_
6	supported	support	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
7	by	by	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
8	its	its	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	10	nmod:poss	_	_
9	folded	fold	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	10	amod	_	_
10	wings	wing	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	obl:agent	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **support** | present · passive | weight's folded wings | the bat's weight |  |  |  |  | vn admire-31.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Experiencer subject=Stimulus |
| 2 | **fold** | participle |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn bend-45.2 «NP.patient V»: agent=Patient |

### Option 4 {#o4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The bat adheres to surfaces by means of a sticky secretion

```conllu
# sent_id = question:biology:314-bats-of-the-world-flying-foxes-vampire-bats-the-bumblebee-bat-and-tent-makers:e4:o4:1
# text = The bat adheres to surfaces by means of a sticky secretion
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	bat	bat	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	adheres	adhere	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	to	to	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
5	surfaces	surface	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obl	_	_
6	by	by	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
7	means	mean	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	3	parataxis	_	_
8	of	of	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
9	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	11	det	_	_
10	sticky	sticky	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	11	amod	_	_
11	secretion	secretion	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	obl	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **adhere** | present | the bat |  |  |  |  | to surfaces | vn cling-22.5 «NP V PP.co-theme»: agent=Theme to surface=Co-Theme |
| 2 | **mean** | present |  |  |  |  |  | of a sticky secretion | vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S»: agent=Agent |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (`world/data/school/`), as the course runner gave them to the student. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

<!-- pn -->
- ← previous: [Bats of the world: flying foxes, vampi…, exam 3](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/questions/biology/314-bats-of-the-world-flying-foxes-vampire-bats-the-bumblebee-bat-and-tent-makers/e3/)
- next →: [Bats near home: pipistrelles, noctules…, test 1](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/questions/biology/315-bats-near-home-pipistrelles-noctules-bat-boxes-and-why-never-to-pick-one-up/t1/)
- ↑ back to [Bats of the world: flying foxes, vampire bats, the bumblebee bat and tent-makers](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/questions/biology/314-bats-of-the-world-flying-foxes-vampire-bats-the-bumblebee-bat-and-tent-makers/)