---
title: Identify the principal reason for which amphibians are especially su… — Frogs, toads, newts and salamanders · tree and pragmatics
description: Identify the principal reason for which amphibians are especially susceptible to pollution of their habitat. Exam question 1 of lesson 32 «Frogs, toads, newts and salamanders» of the biology course of Mova's primary school, with the dependency tree and pragmatics of the question and of each option; 
---

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# Exam question 1 · Frogs, toads, newts and salamanders

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Identify the principal reason for which amphibians are especially susceptible to pollution of their habitat.

<!-- .vintro -->
**Mova's choice:** option 1 · **The right answer:** option 2 · wrong ✗ · **Who acts:** you, amphibians · **What happens:** identify, be, pollute · **To what, where:** principal reason, habitat

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This is exam question 1 of lesson 32 «Frogs, toads, newts and salamanders» of the biology course of Mova's primary school, asked in stiff, formal language. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: [the test at school](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/school-run/biology/32-frogs-toads-newts-and-salamanders/#e1).

## The question {#question}

```conllu
# sent_id = question:biology:32-frogs-toads-newts-and-salamanders:e1:1
# text = Identify the principal reason for which amphibians are especially susceptible to pollution of their habitat.
1	Identify	identify	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
2	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
3	principal	principal	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	amod	_	_
4	reason	reason	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obj	_	_
5	for	for	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
6	which	which	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	10	obl	_	_
7	amphibians	amphibian	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	10	nsubj	_	_
8	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	10	cop	_	_
9	especially	especially	ADV	RB	_	10	advmod	_	_
10	susceptible	susceptible	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	acl	_	_
11	to	to	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
12	pollution	pollution	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	obl	_	_
13	of	of	ADP	IN	_	15	case	_	_
14	their	their	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	15	nmod:poss	_	_
15	habitat	habitat	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	12	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **identify** | imperative | you *not said here* | the principal reason |  |  |  |  | vn characterize-29.2-1-1 «NP V NP S\_ING»: agent=Agent reason=Theme |
| 2 | **is** | present | amphibians |  |  |  |  | for the principal reason; to pollution of amphibians's habitat; especially, susceptible *property* | tree rules |
| 3 | **pollute** |  |  | amphibians's habitat |  |  |  |  | nom pollution «state transitive»: of=patient |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## The options {#options}

### Option 1 · ← Mova's choice {#o1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
They feed exclusively upon pollutants found in the water

```conllu
# sent_id = question:biology:32-frogs-toads-newts-and-salamanders:e1:o1:1
# text = They feed exclusively upon pollutants found in the water
1	They	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	feed	feed	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	exclusively	exclusively	ADV	RB	_	2	advmod	_	_
4	upon	upon	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
5	pollutants	pollutant	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obl	_	_
6	found	find	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	5	acl	_	_
7	in	in	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
8	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	water	water	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	obl	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **feed** | present | They |  |  |  |  | upon pollutants; exclusively *property* | vn gorge-39.6 «NP V PP.patient»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **find** | participle |  | pollutants *not said here* |  | the water |  |  | vn declare-29.4-1-1 «NP V what S\_INF»: agent=Agent |

### Option 2 · ✓ the right answer {#o2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Their thin, moist skin readily absorbs substances

```conllu
# sent_id = question:biology:32-frogs-toads-newts-and-salamanders:e1:o2:1
# text = Their thin, moist skin readily absorbs substances
1	Their	their	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	5	nmod:poss	_	_
2	thin	thin	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	amod	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	2	punct	_	_
4	moist	moist	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	amod	_	_
5	skin	skin	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nsubj	_	_
6	readily	readily	ADV	RB	_	7	advmod	_	_
7	absorbs	absorb	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
8	substances	substance	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	7	obj	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **absorb** | present | Their thin moist skin | substances |  |  |  | readily *property* | vn absorb-39.8 «NP V NP»: agent=Goal substance=Theme |

### Option 3 {#o3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
They possess no lungs at any stage

```conllu
# sent_id = question:biology:32-frogs-toads-newts-and-salamanders:e1:o3:1
# text = They possess no lungs at any stage
1	They	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	possess	possess	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	no	no	DET	DT	PronType=Neg	4	det	_	_
4	lungs	lung	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obj	_	_
5	at	at	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	any	any	DET	DT	PronType=Ind	7	det	_	_
7	stage	stage	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **possess** | present | They | no lungs |  | any stage |  |  | vn own-100.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Pivot lung=Theme |

### Option 4 {#o4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
They are unable to leave the water

```conllu
# sent_id = question:biology:32-frogs-toads-newts-and-salamanders:e1:o4:1
# text = They are unable to leave the water
1	They	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	3	nsubj	_	_
2	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	3	cop	_	_
3	unable	unable	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	_
4	to	to	PART	TO	_	5	mark	_	_
5	leave	leave	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	3	xcomp	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	water	water	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obj	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | present | They |  |  |  |  | unable *property* | tree rules |
| 2 | **leave** | to-infinitive | They *not said here* | the water |  |  |  |  | vn keep-15.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent water=Theme |

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**Text:** the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (`world/data/school/`), as the course runner gave them to the student. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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- ← previous: [Frogs, toads, newts and salamanders, test 12](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/questions/biology/32-frogs-toads-newts-and-salamanders/t12/)
- next →: [Frogs, toads, newts and salamanders, exam 2](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/questions/biology/32-frogs-toads-newts-and-salamanders/e2/)
- ↑ back to [Frogs, toads, newts and salamanders](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/questions/biology/32-frogs-toads-newts-and-salamanders/)