---
title: Which of the following statements most accurately characterises the… — Falcons, hawks, kites, ospreys and vul… · tree and pragmatics
description: Which of the following statements most accurately characterises the circling flight of vultures? Exam question 3 of lesson 324 «Falcons, hawks, kites, ospreys and vultures» of the biology course of Mova's primary school, with the dependency tree and pragmatics of the question and of each option; Mov
---

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# Exam question 3 · Falcons, hawks, kites, ospreys and vultures

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Which of the following statements most accurately characterises the circling flight of vultures?

<!-- .vintro -->
**Mova's choice:** option 1 · **The right answer:** option 1 · right ✓ · **What happens:** follow, characteris · **To what, where:** circling flight

<!-- .vabout -->
This is exam question 3 of lesson 324 «Falcons, hawks, kites, ospreys and vultures» of the biology course of Mova's primary school, asked in stiff, formal language. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: [the test at school](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/school-run/biology/324-falcons-hawks-kites-ospreys-and-vultures/#e3).

## The question {#question}

```conllu
# sent_id = question:biology:324-falcons-hawks-kites-ospreys-and-vultures:e3:1
# text = Which of the following statements most accurately characterises the circling flight of vultures?
1	Which	which	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	8	nsubj	_	_
2	of	of	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
4	following	follow	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	5	amod	_	_
5	statements	statement	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	8	obl	_	_
6	most	most	ADV	RBS	Degree=Sup	7	advmod	_	_
7	accurately	accurately	ADV	RB	_	8	advmod	_	_
8	characterises	characteris	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
9	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	11	det	_	_
10	circling	circling	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	compound	_	_
11	flight	flight	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	obj	_	_
12	of	of	ADP	IN	_	13	case	_	_
13	vultures	vulture	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	11	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	?	?	PUNCT	.	_	8	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **follow** | gerund |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn occur-48.3-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 2 | **characteris** | present |  | the circling flight of vultures |  |  |  | of the following statements; accurately *property* | tree rules |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## The options {#options}

### Option 1 · ← Mova's choice · ✓ the right answer {#o1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
It exploits rising warm air to survey extensive areas for carrion

```conllu
# sent_id = question:biology:324-falcons-hawks-kites-ospreys-and-vultures:e3:o1:1
# text = It exploits rising warm air to survey extensive areas for carrion
1	It	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	exploits	exploit	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	rising	rise	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	5	amod	_	_
4	warm	warm	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	amod	_	_
5	air	air	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
6	to	to	PART	TO	_	7	mark	_	_
7	survey	survey	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	2	advcl	_	_
8	extensive	extensive	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	9	amod	_	_
9	areas	area	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	7	obj	_	_
10	for	for	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
11	carrion	carrion	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	obl	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **exploit** | present | It | rising warm air |  |  |  |  | vn use-105.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent air=Theme |
| 2 | **rise** | gerund |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn assuming\_position-50 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 3 | **survey** | to-infinitive |  | extensive areas |  |  |  | for carrion | vn assessment-34.1 «NP V NP PP.attribute»: agent=Agent area=Theme for carrion=Attribute |

### Option 2 {#o2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
It is employed to dry the plumage

```conllu
# sent_id = question:biology:324-falcons-hawks-kites-ospreys-and-vultures:e3:o2:1
# text = It is employed to dry the plumage
1	It	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	3	nsubj:pass	_	_
2	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	3	aux:pass	_	_
3	employed	employ	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
4	to	to	PART	TO	_	5	mark	_	_
5	dry	dry	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	3	advcl	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	plumage	plumage	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obj	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **employ** | present · passive |  | It |  |  |  |  | vn hire-13.5.3 «NP V NP»: subject=Theme |
| 2 | **dry** | to-infinitive |  | the plumage |  |  |  |  | vn other\_cos-45.4-1 «NP V NP ADJ»: agent=Patient plumage=Result |

### Option 3 {#o3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
It is a preparation for an attack upon living persons

```conllu
# sent_id = question:biology:324-falcons-hawks-kites-ospreys-and-vultures:e3:o3:1
# text = It is a preparation for an attack upon living persons
1	It	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	4	nsubj	_	_
2	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	cop	_	_
3	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	preparation	preparation	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
5	for	for	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	an	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	attack	attack	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nmod	_	_
8	upon	upon	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
9	living	living	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	10	amod	_	_
10	persons	person	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	nmod	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | It | a preparation |  |  |  | for a attack; upon living persons | tree rules |

### Option 4 {#o4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
It is a ritual performed before rain

```conllu
# sent_id = question:biology:324-falcons-hawks-kites-ospreys-and-vultures:e3:o4:1
# text = It is a ritual performed before rain
1	It	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	4	nsubj	_	_
2	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	cop	_	_
3	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	ritual	ritual	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
5	performed	perform	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	4	acl	_	_
6	before	before	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
7	rain	rain	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obl	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | It | a ritual |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **perform** | participle |  | a ritual *not said here* |  |  | before rain |  | vn performance-26.7 «NP V»: agent=Agent |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (`world/data/school/`), as the course runner gave them to the student. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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