---
title: Why do babies look top-heavy compared with grown-ups? — Growing up: growth spurts, height, voi… · tree and pragmatics
description: Why do babies look top-heavy compared with grown-ups? Test 11 · ★ of lesson 361 «Growing up: growth spurts, height, voices and getting stronger» of the biology course of Mova's primary school, with the dependency tree and pragmatics of the question and of each option; Mova's choice was right.
---

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# Test 11 · ★ · Growing up: growth spurts, height, voices and getting stro…

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Why do babies look top-heavy compared with grown-ups?

<!-- .vintro -->
**Mova's choice:** option 4 · **The right answer:** option 4 · right ✓ · **Who acts:** babies · **What happens:** look, compare, grow

<!-- .vabout -->
This is test 11 · ★ of lesson 361 «Growing up: growth spurts, height, voices and getting stronger» of the biology course of Mova's primary school. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: [the test at school](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/school-run/biology/361-growing-up-growth-spurts-height-voices-and-getting-stronger/#t11).

## The question {#question}

```conllu
# sent_id = question:biology:361-growing-up-growth-spurts-height-voices-and-getting-stronger:t11:1
# text = Why do babies look top-heavy compared with grown-ups?
1	Why	why	ADV	WRB	PronType=Int	4	advmod	_	_
2	do	do	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	aux	_	_
3	babies	baby	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	nsubj	_	_
4	look	look	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	0	root	_	_
5	top	top	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	5	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	heavy	heavy	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	xcomp	_	_
8	compared	compare	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	4	advcl	_	_
9	with	with	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
10	grown	grow	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	12	amod	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	10	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	ups	up	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	8	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	?	?	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **look** | present · do-support | babies |  |  |  |  | heavy *property* | vn stimulus\_subject-30.4 «NP V ADJ»: agent=Stimulus |
| 2 | **compare** | participle | babies *not said here* |  |  |  |  | with grown ups | vn amalgamate-22.2-2 «NP V PP»: agent=Patient with up=Co-Patient |
| 3 | **grow** | participle |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn appear-48.1.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## The options {#options}

### Option 1 {#o1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Babies have shorter necks only because they are lazy and do not hold their heads up

<!-- fold The tree, 16 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = question:biology:361-growing-up-growth-spurts-height-voices-and-getting-stronger:t11:o1:1
# text = Babies have shorter necks only because they are lazy and do not hold their heads up
1	Babies	baby	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	nsubj	_	_
2	have	have	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	shorter	short	ADJ	JJR	Degree=Cmp	4	amod	_	_
4	necks	neck	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obj	_	_
5	only	only	ADV	RB	_	9	advmod	_	_
6	because	because	SCONJ	IN	_	9	mark	_	_
7	they	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	9	nsubj	_	_
8	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	9	cop	_	_
9	lazy	lazy	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	advcl	_	_
10	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	13	cc	_	_
11	do	do	AUX	VB	VerbForm=Inf	13	aux	_	_
12	not	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	13	advmod	_	_
13	hold	hold	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	2	conj	_	_
14	their	their	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	15	nmod:poss	_	_
15	heads	head	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	13	obj	_	_
16	up	up	ADV	RB	_	13	compound:prt	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **have** | present | Babies | shorter necks |  |  |  |  | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent neck=Patient |
| 2 | **is** | present | Babies *= baby* |  |  |  |  | lazy *property* | tree rules |
| 3 | **not** **hold up** | infinitive · do-support | Babies *not said here* | Babies's heads |  |  |  |  | vn support-15.3-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Pivot head=Theme |

### Option 2 {#o2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Babies' heads stop growing at birth

```conllu
# sent_id = question:biology:361-growing-up-growth-spurts-height-voices-and-getting-stronger:t11:o2:1
# text = Babies' heads stop growing at birth
1	Babies	baby	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	nmod:poss	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	'	's	PART	POS	_	1	case	_	_
3	heads	head	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	nsubj	_	_
4	stop	stop	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	growing	grow	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	4	xcomp	_	_
6	at	at	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
7	birth	birth	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obl	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **stop** | present | Babies's heads |  |  |  |  |  | vn stop-55.4-1-1 «NP V S\_ING»: agent=Affector clause=Eventuality |
| 2 | **grow** | gerund | Babies's heads *not said here* |  |  | birth |  |  | vn appear-48.1.1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme at birth=Location |

### Option 3 {#o3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A baby's head is filled with air

```conllu
# sent_id = question:biology:361-growing-up-growth-spurts-height-voices-and-getting-stronger:t11:o3:1
# text = A baby's head is filled with air
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	baby	baby	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nmod:poss	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	's	's	PART	POS	_	2	case	_	_
4	head	head	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nsubj	_	_
5	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	aux:pass	_	_
6	filled	fill	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
7	with	with	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
8	air	air	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	obl	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **fill** | present · passive |  | a baby's head |  |  |  | with air | vn other\_cos-45.4 «NP V NP PP.instrument»: subject=Patient with air=Instrument |

### Option 4 · ← Mova's choice · ✓ the right answer {#o4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A baby's head is about a quarter of its length, a grown-up's only an eighth

<!-- fold The tree, 18 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = question:biology:361-growing-up-growth-spurts-height-voices-and-getting-stronger:t11:o4:1
# text = A baby's head is about a quarter of its length, a grown-up's only an eighth
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	baby	baby	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nmod:poss	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	's	's	PART	POS	_	2	case	_	_
4	head	head	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	nsubj	_	_
5	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	8	cop	_	_
6	about	about	ADV	RB	_	8	advmod	_	_
7	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	quarter	quarter	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
9	of	of	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
10	its	its	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	11	nmod:poss	_	_
11	length	length	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	20	punct	_	_
13	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	16	det	_	_
14	grown	grow	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	16	amod	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	16	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	up	up	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	20	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
17	's	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	20	cop	_	_
18	only	only	ADV	RB	_	20	advmod	_	_
19	an	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	20	det	_	_
20	eighth	eighth	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	conj	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | a baby's head | a quarter and a eighth |  |  |  | of head's length; about *property* | tree rules |
| 2 | **grow** | participle |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn appear-48.1.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 3 | **is a** | present | a grown up | a eighth |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (`world/data/school/`), as the course runner gave them to the student. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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