---
title: Which of the following statements most accurately characterises the… — Sleep and dreams in people · tree and pragmatics
description: Which of the following statements most accurately characterises the effect of bright screens upon sleep? Exam question 4 of lesson 363 «Sleep and dreams in people» of the biology course of Mova's primary school, with the dependency tree and pragmatics of the question and of each option; Mova's choic
---

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# Exam question 4 · Sleep and dreams in people

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Which of the following statements most accurately characterises the effect of bright screens upon sleep?

<!-- .vintro -->
**Mova's choice:** option 1 · **The right answer:** option 1 · right ✓ · **What happens:** follow, characteris, effect · **To what, where:** effect, bright screens

<!-- .vabout -->
This is exam question 4 of lesson 363 «Sleep and dreams in people» of the biology course of Mova's primary school, asked in stiff, formal language. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: [the test at school](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/school-run/biology/363-sleep-and-dreams-in-people/#e4).

## The question {#question}

```conllu
# sent_id = question:biology:363-sleep-and-dreams-in-people:e4:1
# text = Which of the following statements most accurately characterises the effect of bright screens upon sleep?
1	Which	which	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	8	nsubj	_	_
2	of	of	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
4	following	follow	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	5	amod	_	_
5	statements	statement	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	8	obl	_	_
6	most	most	ADV	RBS	Degree=Sup	7	advmod	_	_
7	accurately	accurately	ADV	RB	_	8	advmod	_	_
8	characterises	characteris	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
9	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
10	effect	effect	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	obj	_	_
11	of	of	ADP	IN	_	13	case	_	_
12	bright	bright	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	13	amod	_	_
13	screens	screen	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	10	nmod	_	_
14	upon	upon	ADP	IN	_	15	case	_	_
15	sleep	sleep	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	13	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	?	?	PUNCT	.	_	8	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **follow** | gerund |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn occur-48.3-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 2 | **characteris** | present |  | the effect of bright screens upon sleep |  |  |  | of the following statements; accurately *property* | tree rules |
| 3 | **effect** |  |  | bright screens upon sleep |  |  |  |  | nom effect «phenomenon transitive»: of=patient |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## The options {#options}

### Option 1 · ← Mova's choice · ✓ the right answer {#o1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
They maintain alertness and may delay the secretion of melatonin

```conllu
# sent_id = question:biology:363-sleep-and-dreams-in-people:e4:o1:1
# text = They maintain alertness and may delay the secretion of melatonin
1	They	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	maintain	maintain	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	alertness	alertness	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
4	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	6	cc	_	_
5	may	may	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	6	aux	_	_
6	delay	delay	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	2	conj	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	secretion	secretion	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	obj	_	_
9	of	of	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
10	melatonin	melatonin	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	nmod	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **maintain** | present | They | alertness |  |  |  |  | vn declare-29.4-1 «NP V NP ADJ»: agent=Agent alertness=Theme |
| 2 | **delay** | may | They *not said here* | the secretion of melatonin |  |  |  |  | vn delay-53.3-1-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent secretion=Source |
| 3 | **secrete** |  |  | melatonin |  |  |  |  | nom secretion «process transitive»: of=patient |

### Option 2 {#o2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
They exert no influence whatsoever

```conllu
# sent_id = question:biology:363-sleep-and-dreams-in-people:e4:o2:1
# text = They exert no influence whatsoever
1	They	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	exert	exert	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	no	no	DET	DT	PronType=Neg	4	det	_	_
4	influence	influence	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
5	whatsoever	whatsoever	ADV	RB	_	2	advmod	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **exert** | present | They | no influence |  |  |  | whatsoever *property* | vn use-105.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent influence=Theme |

### Option 3 {#o3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
They increase the duration of deep sleep

```conllu
# sent_id = question:biology:363-sleep-and-dreams-in-people:e4:o3:1
# text = They increase the duration of deep sleep
1	They	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	increase	increase	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	duration	duration	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
5	of	of	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	deep	deep	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	_
7	sleep	sleep	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nmod	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **increase** | present | They | the duration of deep sleep |  |  |  |  | vn caused\_calibratable\_cos-45.6.2-1 «NP V NP.patient»: agent=Causer duration=Patient |

### Option 4 {#o4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
They hasten the onset of sleep in all children

```conllu
# sent_id = question:biology:363-sleep-and-dreams-in-people:e4:o4:1
# text = They hasten the onset of sleep in all children
1	They	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	hasten	hasten	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	onset	onset	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
5	of	of	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
6	sleep	sleep	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nmod	_	_
7	in	in	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
8	all	all	DET	DT	PronType=Tot	9	det	_	_
9	children	child	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obl	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **hasten** | present | They | the onset of sleep |  |  |  | in all children | vn run-51.3.2-2 «NP V NP PP.trajectory»: agent=Agent onset=Theme in child=Trajectory |

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**Text:** the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (`world/data/school/`), as the course runner gave them to the student. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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- ← previous: [Sleep and dreams in people, exam 3](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/questions/biology/363-sleep-and-dreams-in-people/e3/)
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- ↑ back to [Sleep and dreams in people](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/questions/biology/363-sleep-and-dreams-in-people/)