---
title: Identify the principal reason for which small animals are capable of… — Tiny champions: the strongest beetle,… · tree and pragmatics
description: Identify the principal reason for which small animals are capable of lifting loads many times their own weight. Exam question 1 of lesson 365 «Tiny champions: the strongest beetle, the highest-jumping flea and the leggiest millipede» of the biology course of Mova's primary school, with the dependenc
---

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# Exam question 1 · Tiny champions: the strongest beetle, the highest-jumping…

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Identify the principal reason for which small animals are capable of lifting loads many times their own weight.

<!-- .vintro -->
**Mova's choice:** option 2 · **The right answer:** option 1 · wrong ✗ · **Who acts:** you, small animals · **What happens:** identify, be, lift · **To what, where:** principal reason, loads

<!-- .vabout -->
This is exam question 1 of lesson 365 «Tiny champions: the strongest beetle, the highest-jumping flea and the leggiest millipede» of the biology course of Mova's primary school, asked in stiff, formal language. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: [the test at school](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/school-run/biology/365-tiny-champions-the-strongest-beetle-the-highest-jumping-flea-and-the-leggiest-millipede/#e1).

## The question {#question}

```conllu
# sent_id = question:biology:365-tiny-champions-the-strongest-beetle-the-highest-jumping-flea-and-the-leggiest-millipede:e1:1
# text = Identify the principal reason for which small animals are capable of lifting loads many times their own weight.
1	Identify	identify	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
2	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
3	principal	principal	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	amod	_	_
4	reason	reason	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obj	_	_
5	for	for	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
6	which	which	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	10	obl	_	_
7	small	small	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	amod	_	_
8	animals	animal	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	10	nsubj	_	_
9	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	10	cop	_	_
10	capable	capable	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	acl	_	_
11	of	of	SCONJ	IN	_	12	mark	_	_
12	lifting	lift	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	10	advcl	_	_
13	loads	load	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	12	obj	_	_
14	many	many	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	15	amod	_	_
15	times	time	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	12	obl:unmarked	_	_
16	their	their	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	18	nmod:poss	_	_
17	own	own	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	18	amod	_	_
18	weight	weight	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	12	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
19	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **identify** | imperative | you *not said here* | the principal reason |  |  |  |  | vn characterize-29.2-1-1 «NP V NP S\_ING»: agent=Agent reason=Theme |
| 2 | **is** | present | small animals |  |  |  |  | for the principal reason; capable *property* | tree rules |
| 3 | **lift** | gerund | small animals *not said here* | loads |  |  | time |  | vn put\_direction-9.4 «NP V NP ADVP»: agent=Agent load=Theme weight=Destination |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## The options {#options}

### Option 1 · ✓ the right answer {#o1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Muscular strength increases with the cross-section of muscle, whereas weight increases with the whole volume

<!-- fold The tree, 15 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = question:biology:365-tiny-champions-the-strongest-beetle-the-highest-jumping-flea-and-the-leggiest-millipede:e1:o1:1
# text = Muscular strength increases with the cross-section of muscle, whereas weight increases with the whole volume
1	Muscular	muscular	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	amod	_	_
2	strength	strength	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	increases	increase	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	with	with	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	cross-section	cross-section	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	_
7	of	of	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
8	muscle	muscle	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	12	punct	_	_
10	whereas	whereas	ADV	WRB	PronType=Int	12	advmod	_	_
11	weight	weight	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	12	nsubj	_	_
12	increases	increase	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	3	conj	_	_
13	with	with	ADP	IN	_	16	case	_	_
14	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	16	det	_	_
15	whole	whole	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	16	amod	_	_
16	volume	volume	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	12	obl	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **increase** | present | Muscular strength |  |  |  |  | with the cross-section of muscle | vn caused\_calibratable\_cos-45.6.2-1 «NP V ADV-Middle»: agent=Patient |
| 2 | **increase** | present | weight |  |  |  |  | with the whole volume; whereas *property* | vn caused\_calibratable\_cos-45.6.2-1 «NP V ADV-Middle»: agent=Patient |

### Option 2 · ← Mova's choice {#o2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Small animals consume exceptionally nourishing food

```conllu
# sent_id = question:biology:365-tiny-champions-the-strongest-beetle-the-highest-jumping-flea-and-the-leggiest-millipede:e1:o2:1
# text = Small animals consume exceptionally nourishing food
1	Small	small	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	amod	_	_
2	animals	animal	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	nsubj	_	_
3	consume	consume	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	exceptionally	exceptionally	ADV	RB	_	3	advmod	_	_
5	nourishing	nourishing	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	food	food	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **consume** | present | Small animals | nourishing food |  |  |  | exceptionally *property* | vn consume-66 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent food=Asset |

### Option 3 {#o3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Small animals are devoid of any skeleton

```conllu
# sent_id = question:biology:365-tiny-champions-the-strongest-beetle-the-highest-jumping-flea-and-the-leggiest-millipede:e1:o3:1
# text = Small animals are devoid of any skeleton
1	Small	small	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	amod	_	_
2	animals	animal	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	nsubj	_	_
3	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	cop	_	_
4	devoid	devoid	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	_
5	of	of	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	any	any	DET	DT	PronType=Ind	7	det	_	_
7	skeleton	skeleton	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | present | Small animals |  |  |  |  | of any skeleton; devoid *property* | tree rules |

### Option 4 {#o4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Small animals possess a greater number of muscles than large animals

```conllu
# sent_id = question:biology:365-tiny-champions-the-strongest-beetle-the-highest-jumping-flea-and-the-leggiest-millipede:e1:o4:1
# text = Small animals possess a greater number of muscles than large animals
1	Small	small	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	amod	_	_
2	animals	animal	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	nsubj	_	_
3	possess	possess	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
5	greater	great	ADJ	JJR	Degree=Cmp	6	amod	_	_
6	number	number	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	_
7	of	of	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
8	muscles	muscle	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	nmod	_	_
9	than	than	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
10	large	large	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	11	amod	_	_
11	animals	animal	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	8	nmod	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **possess** | present | Small animals | a greater number of muscles than large animals |  |  |  |  | vn own-100.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Pivot number=Theme |

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**Text:** the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (`world/data/school/`), as the course runner gave them to the student. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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