---
title: Which of the following statements most accurately characterises the… — Ice Age Ukraine and Europe: cave bears… · tree and pragmatics
description: Which of the following statements most accurately characterises the causes of the disappearance of the mammoth-steppe fauna? Exam question 4 of lesson 385 «Ice Age Ukraine and Europe: cave bears, cave lions, the Siberian unicorn and mammoth-bone houses» of the biology course of Mova's primary school
---

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# Exam question 4 · Ice Age Ukraine and Europe: cave bears, cave lions, the Si…

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Which of the following statements most accurately characterises the causes of the disappearance of the mammoth-steppe fauna?

<!-- .vintro -->
**Mova's choice:** option 1 · **The right answer:** option 2 · wrong ✗ · **Who acts:** steppe fauna · **What happens:** follow, characteris, cause, disappear · **To what, where:** causes, disappearance

<!-- .vabout -->
This is exam question 4 of lesson 385 «Ice Age Ukraine and Europe: cave bears, cave lions, the Siberian unicorn and mammoth-bone houses» of the biology course of Mova's primary school, asked in stiff, formal language. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: [the test at school](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/school-run/biology/385-ice-age-ukraine-and-europe-cave-bears-cave-lions-the-siberian-unicorn-and-mammoth-bone-houses/#e4).

## The question {#question}

```conllu
# sent_id = question:biology:385-ice-age-ukraine-and-europe-cave-bears-cave-lions-the-siberian-unicorn-and-mammoth-bone-houses:e4:1
# text = Which of the following statements most accurately characterises the causes of the disappearance of the mammoth-steppe fauna?
1	Which	which	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	8	nsubj	_	_
2	of	of	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
4	following	follow	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	5	amod	_	_
5	statements	statement	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	8	obl	_	_
6	most	most	ADV	RBS	Degree=Sup	7	advmod	_	_
7	accurately	accurately	ADV	RB	_	8	advmod	_	_
8	characterises	characteris	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
9	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
10	causes	cause	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	8	obj	_	_
11	of	of	ADP	IN	_	13	case	_	_
12	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	13	det	_	_
13	disappearance	disappearance	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	nmod	_	_
14	of	of	ADP	IN	_	19	case	_	_
15	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	19	det	_	_
16	mammoth	mammoth	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	18	compound	_	SpaceAfter=No
17	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	16	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
18	steppe	steppe	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	19	compound	_	_
19	fauna	fauna	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	13	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
20	?	?	PUNCT	.	_	8	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **follow** | gerund |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn occur-48.3-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 2 | **characteris** | present |  | the causes of the disappearance of the steppe fauna |  |  |  | of the following statements; accurately *property* | tree rules |
| 3 | **cause** |  |  | the disappearance of the steppe fauna |  |  |  |  | nom cause «event transitive»: of=patient |
| 4 | **disappear** |  | the steppe fauna |  |  |  |  |  | nom disappearance «act intransitive»: of=agent |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## The options {#options}

### Option 1 · ← Mova's choice {#o1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Exclusively a sudden worldwide flood

```conllu
# sent_id = question:biology:385-ice-age-ukraine-and-europe-cave-bears-cave-lions-the-siberian-unicorn-and-mammoth-bone-houses:e4:o1:1
# text = Exclusively a sudden worldwide flood
1	Exclusively	exclusively	ADV	RB	_	5	advmod	_	_
2	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
3	sudden	sudden	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	amod	_	_
4	worldwide	worldwide	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	amod	_	_
5	flood	flood	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
```

<!-- .note -->
The frames reader finds no event or fact in this sentence.

### Option 2 · ✓ the right answer {#o2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Rapid warming, the spread of forest and human hunting, in disputed proportions

```conllu
# sent_id = question:biology:385-ice-age-ukraine-and-europe-cave-bears-cave-lions-the-siberian-unicorn-and-mammoth-bone-houses:e4:o2:1
# text = Rapid warming, the spread of forest and human hunting, in disputed proportions
1	Rapid	rapid	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	amod	_	_
2	warming	warming	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	5	punct	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	spread	spread	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	conj	_	_
6	of	of	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
7	forest	forest	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nmod	_	_
8	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	10	cc	_	_
9	human	human	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	10	amod	_	_
10	hunting	hunting	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	14	punct	_	_
12	in	in	ADP	IN	_	14	case	_	_
13	disputed	dispute	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	14	amod	_	_
14	proportions	proportion	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	conj	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **dispute** | participle |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn battle-36.4 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **spread** |  |  | forest |  |  |  |  | nom spread «event transitive»: of=patient |

### Option 3 {#o3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Exclusively the impact of a single meteorite

```conllu
# sent_id = question:biology:385-ice-age-ukraine-and-europe-cave-bears-cave-lions-the-siberian-unicorn-and-mammoth-bone-houses:e4:o3:1
# text = Exclusively the impact of a single meteorite
1	Exclusively	exclusively	ADV	RB	_	3	advmod	_	_
2	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
3	impact	impact	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
4	of	of	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
5	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
6	single	single	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	_
7	meteorite	meteorite	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nmod	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **impact** |  |  | a single meteorite |  |  |  |  | nom impact «event transitive»: of=patient |

### Option 4 {#o4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Exclusively a disease brought by migrating birds from the southern continents

```conllu
# sent_id = question:biology:385-ice-age-ukraine-and-europe-cave-bears-cave-lions-the-siberian-unicorn-and-mammoth-bone-houses:e4:o4:1
# text = Exclusively a disease brought by migrating birds from the southern continents
1	Exclusively	exclusively	ADV	RB	_	3	advmod	_	_
2	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
3	disease	disease	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
4	brought	bring	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	3	acl	_	_
5	by	by	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	migrating	migrate	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	7	amod	_	_
7	birds	bird	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	obl:agent	_	_
8	from	from	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
9	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	11	det	_	_
10	southern	southern	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	11	amod	_	_
11	continents	continent	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	obl	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **bring** | participle |  | a disease *not said here* |  | the southern continents |  |  | vn bring-11.3-1 «NP V NP PP.initial\_location»: agent=Agent from continent=Initial\_Location |
| 2 | **migrate** | gerund |  |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (`world/data/school/`), as the course runner gave them to the student. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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