---
title: Which of the following statements most accurately characterises the… — Surprising brains: tool-using fish, co… · tree and pragmatics
description: Which of the following statements most accurately characterises the present scientific view of animal intelligence? Exam question 4 of lesson 388 «Surprising brains: tool-using fish, counting bees, laughing rats and clever pigs» of the biology course of Mova's primary school, with the dependency tre
---

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# Exam question 4 · Surprising brains: tool-using fish, counting bees, laughin…

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Which of the following statements most accurately characterises the present scientific view of animal intelligence?

<!-- .vintro -->
**Mova's choice:** option 1 · **The right answer:** option 1 · right ✓ · **What happens:** follow, characteris, view · **To what, where:** present scientific view, animal intelligence

<!-- .vabout -->
This is exam question 4 of lesson 388 «Surprising brains: tool-using fish, counting bees, laughing rats and clever pigs» of the biology course of Mova's primary school, asked in stiff, formal language. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: [the test at school](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/school-run/biology/388-surprising-brains-tool-using-fish-counting-bees-laughing-rats-and-clever-pigs/#e4).

## The question {#question}

```conllu
# sent_id = question:biology:388-surprising-brains-tool-using-fish-counting-bees-laughing-rats-and-clever-pigs:e4:1
# text = Which of the following statements most accurately characterises the present scientific view of animal intelligence?
1	Which	which	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	8	nsubj	_	_
2	of	of	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
4	following	follow	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	5	amod	_	_
5	statements	statement	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	8	obl	_	_
6	most	most	ADV	RBS	Degree=Sup	7	advmod	_	_
7	accurately	accurately	ADV	RB	_	8	advmod	_	_
8	characterises	characteris	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
9	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	12	det	_	_
10	present	present	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	12	amod	_	_
11	scientific	scientific	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	12	amod	_	_
12	view	view	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	obj	_	_
13	of	of	ADP	IN	_	15	case	_	_
14	animal	animal	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	15	compound	_	_
15	intelligence	intelligence	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	12	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	?	?	PUNCT	.	_	8	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **follow** | gerund |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn occur-48.3-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 2 | **characteris** | present |  | the present scientific view of animal intelligence |  |  |  | of the following statements; accurately *property* | tree rules |
| 3 | **view** |  |  | animal intelligence |  |  |  |  | nom view «cognition transitive»: of=patient |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## The options {#options}

### Option 1 · ← Mova's choice · ✓ the right answer {#o1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Each species is clever in respects suited to its own manner of life

```conllu
# sent_id = question:biology:388-surprising-brains-tool-using-fish-counting-bees-laughing-rats-and-clever-pigs:e4:o1:1
# text = Each species is clever in respects suited to its own manner of life
1	Each	each	DET	DT	PronType=Tot	2	det	_	_
2	species	species	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	cop	_	_
4	clever	clever	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	_
5	in	in	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
6	respects	respects	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	obl	_	_
7	suited	suit	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	6	acl	_	_
8	to	to	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
9	its	its	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	11	nmod:poss	_	_
10	own	own	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	11	amod	_	_
11	manner	manner	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	obl	_	_
12	of	of	ADP	IN	_	13	case	_	_
13	life	life	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	nmod	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | present | each species |  |  | respects |  | clever *property* | tree rules |
| 2 | **suit** | participle |  | respects *not said here* |  |  |  | to species's own manner of life | tree rules |

### Option 2 {#o2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Insects are devoid of any capacity to learn

```conllu
# sent_id = question:biology:388-surprising-brains-tool-using-fish-counting-bees-laughing-rats-and-clever-pigs:e4:o2:1
# text = Insects are devoid of any capacity to learn
1	Insects	insect	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	nsubj	_	_
2	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	3	cop	_	_
3	devoid	devoid	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	_
4	of	of	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	any	any	DET	DT	PronType=Ind	6	det	_	_
6	capacity	capacity	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	_
7	to	to	PART	TO	_	8	mark	_	_
8	learn	learn	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	6	acl	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | present | Insects |  |  |  |  | of any capacity; devoid *property* | tree rules |
| 2 | **learn** | to-infinitive | Insects *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn learn-14-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |

### Option 3 {#o3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Intelligence is determined solely by the size of the brain

```conllu
# sent_id = question:biology:388-surprising-brains-tool-using-fish-counting-bees-laughing-rats-and-clever-pigs:e4:o3:1
# text = Intelligence is determined solely by the size of the brain
1	Intelligence	intelligence	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
2	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	3	aux:pass	_	_
3	determined	determine	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
4	solely	solely	ADV	RB	_	3	advmod	_	_
5	by	by	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	size	size	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	_
8	of	of	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
9	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
10	brain	brain	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nmod	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **determine** | present · passive | the size of the brain | Intelligence |  |  |  | solely *property* | vn discover-84 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent subject=Topic |

### Option 4 {#o4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
All species may be ranked upon a single ladder with humans uppermost

```conllu
# sent_id = question:biology:388-surprising-brains-tool-using-fish-counting-bees-laughing-rats-and-clever-pigs:e4:o4:1
# text = All species may be ranked upon a single ladder with humans uppermost
1	All	all	DET	DT	PronType=Tot	2	det	_	_
2	species	species	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	nsubj:pass	_	_
3	may	may	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	5	aux	_	_
4	be	be	AUX	VB	VerbForm=Inf	5	aux:pass	_	_
5	ranked	rank	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
6	upon	upon	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
7	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
8	single	single	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	9	amod	_	_
9	ladder	ladder	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obl	_	_
10	with	with	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
11	humans	human	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	9	nmod	_	_
12	uppermost	uppermost	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	xcomp	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **rank** | may · passive |  | all species |  |  |  | upon a single ladder with humans; uppermost *property* | vn characterize-29.2 «NP V NP S\_ING»: subject=Theme |

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**Text:** the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (`world/data/school/`), as the course runner gave them to the student. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

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- ↑ back to [Surprising brains: tool-using fish, counting bees, laughing rats and clever pigs](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/questions/biology/388-surprising-brains-tool-using-fish-counting-bees-laughing-rats-and-clever-pigs/)