---
title: Which of the following statements most accurately characterises the… — Do animals dream? Twitching dogs, repl… · tree and pragmatics
description: Which of the following statements most accurately characterises the present state of knowledge regarding dreaming in non-human animals? Exam question 1 of lesson 391 «Do animals dream? Twitching dogs, replaying rats and colour-changing octopuses» of the biology course of Mova's primary school, with 
---

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# Exam question 1 · Do animals dream? Twitching dogs, replaying rats and colou…

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Which of the following statements most accurately characterises the present state of knowledge regarding dreaming in non-human animals?

<!-- .vintro -->
**Mova's choice:** option 4 · **The right answer:** option 4 · right ✓ · **Who acts:** knowledge · **What happens:** follow, characteris, regard, dream · **To what, where:** present state

<!-- .vabout -->
This is exam question 1 of lesson 391 «Do animals dream? Twitching dogs, replaying rats and colour-changing octopuses» of the biology course of Mova's primary school, asked in stiff, formal language. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: [the test at school](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/school-run/biology/391-do-animals-dream-twitching-dogs-replaying-rats-and-colour-changing-octopuses/#e1).

## The question {#question}

```conllu
# sent_id = question:biology:391-do-animals-dream-twitching-dogs-replaying-rats-and-colour-changing-octopuses:e1:1
# text = Which of the following statements most accurately characterises the present state of knowledge regarding dreaming in non-human animals?
1	Which	which	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	8	nsubj	_	_
2	of	of	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
4	following	follow	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	5	amod	_	_
5	statements	statement	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	8	obl	_	_
6	most	most	ADV	RBS	Degree=Sup	7	advmod	_	_
7	accurately	accurately	ADV	RB	_	8	advmod	_	_
8	characterises	characteris	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
9	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	11	det	_	_
10	present	present	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	11	amod	_	_
11	state	state	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	obj	_	_
12	of	of	ADP	IN	_	13	case	_	_
13	knowledge	knowledge	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	nmod	_	_
14	regarding	regard	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	13	acl	_	_
15	dreaming	dream	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	14	xcomp	_	_
16	in	in	ADP	IN	_	18	case	_	_
17	non-human	non-human	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	18	amod	_	_
18	animals	animal	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	15	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
19	?	?	PUNCT	.	_	8	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **follow** | gerund |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn occur-48.3-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 2 | **characteris** | present |  | the present state of knowledge |  |  |  | of the following statements; accurately *property* | tree rules |
| 3 | **regard** | gerund | knowledge *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn characterize-29.2 «NP V NP to be ADJ»: agent=Agent clause=Attribute |
| 4 | **dream** | gerund | knowledge *not said here* |  |  |  |  | in non-human animals | vn cognize-85 «NP V PP.topic»: agent=Agent |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## The options {#options}

### Option 1 {#o1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
It has been conclusively demonstrated by experiment that all animals dream in precisely the same manner as human beings

<!-- fold The tree, 19 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = question:biology:391-do-animals-dream-twitching-dogs-replaying-rats-and-colour-changing-octopuses:e1:o1:1
# text = It has been conclusively demonstrated by experiment that all animals dream in precisely the same manner as human beings
1	It	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	5	nsubj:pass	_	_
2	has	have	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	aux	_	_
3	been	be	AUX	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	5	aux:pass	_	_
4	conclusively	conclusively	ADV	RB	_	5	advmod	_	_
5	demonstrated	demonstrate	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
6	by	by	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
7	experiment	experiment	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obl	_	_
8	that	that	SCONJ	IN	_	11	mark	_	_
9	all	all	DET	DT	PronType=Tot	10	det	_	_
10	animals	animal	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	11	nsubj	_	_
11	dream	dream	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	advcl	_	_
12	in	in	ADP	IN	_	16	case	_	_
13	precisely	precisely	ADV	RB	_	16	advmod	_	_
14	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	16	det	_	_
15	same	same	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	16	amod	_	_
16	manner	manner	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	obl	_	_
17	as	as	ADP	IN	_	19	case	_	_
18	human	human	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	19	amod	_	_
19	beings	being	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	obl	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **demonstrate** | present · perfect · passive | experiment | It |  |  |  | as human beings; conclusively *property* | vn indicate-78-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Pivot subject=Topic |
| 2 | **dream** | present | all animals |  |  | the same manner |  |  | vn cognize-85 «NP V PP.topic»: agent=Agent |

### Option 2 {#o2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
It has been conclusively demonstrated that no animal other than man dreams

```conllu
# sent_id = question:biology:391-do-animals-dream-twitching-dogs-replaying-rats-and-colour-changing-octopuses:e1:o2:1
# text = It has been conclusively demonstrated that no animal other than man dreams
1	It	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	5	nsubj:pass	_	_
2	has	have	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	aux	_	_
3	been	be	AUX	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	5	aux:pass	_	_
4	conclusively	conclusively	ADV	RB	_	5	advmod	_	_
5	demonstrated	demonstrate	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
6	that	that	SCONJ	IN	_	9	mark	_	_
7	no	no	DET	DT	PronType=Neg	8	det	_	_
8	animal	animal	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	nsubj	_	_
9	other	other	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	xcomp	_	_
10	than	than	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
11	man	man	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	12	compound	_	_
12	dreams	dream	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	9	obl	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **demonstrate** | present · perfect · passive |  | It |  |  |  | conclusively, other *property* | vn indicate-78-1-1 «NP V NP»: subject=Topic |

### Option 3 {#o3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Dreaming has been observed exclusively in reptiles and in no other class of animal

```conllu
# sent_id = question:biology:391-do-animals-dream-twitching-dogs-replaying-rats-and-colour-changing-octopuses:e1:o3:1
# text = Dreaming has been observed exclusively in reptiles and in no other class of animal
1	Dreaming	dreaming	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj:pass	_	_
2	has	have	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	aux	_	_
3	been	be	AUX	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	4	aux:pass	_	_
4	observed	observe	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
5	exclusively	exclusively	ADV	RB	_	4	advmod	_	_
6	in	in	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
7	reptiles	reptile	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	obl	_	_
8	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	12	cc	_	_
9	in	in	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
10	no	no	DET	DT	PronType=Neg	12	det	_	_
11	other	other	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	12	amod	_	_
12	class	class	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	conj	_	_
13	of	of	ADP	IN	_	14	case	_	_
14	animal	animal	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	12	nmod	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **observe** | present · perfect · passive |  | Dreaming |  | reptiles and no other class of animal |  | exclusively *property* | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V NP.topic»: subject=Topic |

### Option 4 · ← Mova's choice · ✓ the right answer {#o4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Many animals exhibit a sleep stage associated with dreaming, but whether they dream cannot at present be ascertained

<!-- fold The tree, 19 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = question:biology:391-do-animals-dream-twitching-dogs-replaying-rats-and-colour-changing-octopuses:e1:o4:1
# text = Many animals exhibit a sleep stage associated with dreaming, but whether they dream cannot at present be ascertained
1	Many	many	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	amod	_	_
2	animals	animal	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	nsubj	_	_
3	exhibit	exhibit	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
5	sleep	sleep	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	compound	_	_
6	stage	stage	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	_
7	associated	associate	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	6	acl	_	_
8	with	with	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
9	dreaming	dream	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	7	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	14	punct	_	_
11	but	but	CCONJ	CC	_	14	cc	_	_
12	whether	whether	SCONJ	IN	_	14	mark	_	_
13	they	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	14	nsubj	_	_
14	dream	dream	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	3	conj	_	_
15	can	can	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	20	aux	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	not	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	20	advmod	_	_
17	at	at	SCONJ	IN	_	20	mark	_	_
18	present	present	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	20	nsubj:pass	_	_
19	be	be	AUX	VB	VerbForm=Inf	20	aux:pass	_	_
20	ascertained	ascertain	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	3	conj	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **exhibit** | present | Many animals | a sleep stage |  |  |  |  | vn reflexive\_appearance-48.1.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent stage=Theme |
| 2 | **associate** | participle |  | a sleep stage *not said here* |  |  |  |  | vn amalgamate-22.2-2 «NP V ADVP-Middle»: agent=Patient |
| 3 | **dream** | gerund |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn cognize-85 «NP V PP.topic»: agent=Agent |
| 4 | **dream** | present | animals *= animal* |  |  |  |  |  | vn cognize-85 «NP V PP.topic»: agent=Agent |
| 5 | **not** **ascertain** | can · passive |  | present |  |  |  |  | vn discover-84 «NP V NP»: subject=Topic |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (`world/data/school/`), as the course runner gave them to the student. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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