---
title: Ascertain the consequence which ensued upon the near disappearance o… — Who eats whom: predators, prey, scaven… · tree and pragmatics
description: Ascertain the consequence which ensued upon the near disappearance of vultures in India. Exam question 4 of lesson 47 «Who eats whom: predators, prey, scavengers and decomposers» of the biology course of Mova's primary school, with the dependency tree and pragmatics of the question and of each optio
---

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# Exam question 4 · Who eats whom: predators, prey, scavengers and decomposers

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Ascertain the consequence which ensued upon the near disappearance of vultures in India.

<!-- .vintro -->
**Mova's choice:** option 1 · **The right answer:** option 1 · right ✓ · **Who acts:** you, consequence, vultures · **What happens:** ascertain, ensue, disappear · **To what, where:** consequence, near disappearance

<!-- .vabout -->
This is exam question 4 of lesson 47 «Who eats whom: predators, prey, scavengers and decomposers» of the biology course of Mova's primary school, asked in stiff, formal language. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: [the test at school](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/school-run/biology/47-predators-prey-scavengers-decomposers/#e4).

## The question {#question}

```conllu
# sent_id = question:biology:47-predators-prey-scavengers-decomposers:e4:1
# text = Ascertain the consequence which ensued upon the near disappearance of vultures in India.
1	Ascertain	ascertain	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
2	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
3	consequence	consequence	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obj	_	_
4	which	which	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	5	nsubj	_	_
5	ensued	ensue	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	3	acl:relcl	_	_
6	upon	upon	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
8	near	near	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	9	amod	_	_
9	disappearance	disappearance	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obl	_	_
10	of	of	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
11	vultures	vulture	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	9	nmod	_	_
12	in	in	ADP	IN	_	13	case	_	_
13	India	India	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	11	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **ascertain** | imperative | you *not said here* | the consequence |  |  |  |  | vn discover-84 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent consequence=Topic |
| 2 | **ensue** | past | the consequence |  |  | the near disappearance of vultures in India |  |  | vn occur-48.3-1 «NP V PP»: agent=Theme upon disappearance=Location |
| 3 | **disappear** |  | vultures in India |  |  |  |  |  | nom disappearance «act intransitive»: of=agent |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## The options {#options}

### Option 1 · ← Mova's choice · ✓ the right answer {#o1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Carcasses remained uncleaned and disease was observed to spread

```conllu
# sent_id = question:biology:47-predators-prey-scavengers-decomposers:e4:o1:1
# text = Carcasses remained uncleaned and disease was observed to spread
1	Carcasses	carcass	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	nsubj	_	_
2	remained	remain	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	uncleaned	uncleaned	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	xcomp	_	_
4	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	7	cc	_	_
5	disease	disease	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nsubj:pass	_	_
6	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	7	aux:pass	_	_
7	observed	observe	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	2	conj	_	_
8	to	to	PART	TO	_	9	mark	_	_
9	spread	spread	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	7	xcomp	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **remain** | past | Carcasses |  |  |  |  | uncleaned *property* | vn exist-47.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 2 | **observe** | past · passive |  | disease |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 3 | **spread** | to-infinitive |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn appear-48.1.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |

### Option 2 {#o2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Hyenas were introduced from Africa in great numbers to replace them

```conllu
# sent_id = question:biology:47-predators-prey-scavengers-decomposers:e4:o2:1
# text = Hyenas were introduced from Africa in great numbers to replace them
1	Hyenas	hyena	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	nsubj:pass	_	_
2	were	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	3	aux:pass	_	_
3	introduced	introduce	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
4	from	from	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
5	Africa	Africa	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	_
6	in	in	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	great	great	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	amod	_	_
8	numbers	number	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obl	_	_
9	to	to	PART	TO	_	10	mark	_	_
10	replace	replace	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	3	advcl	_	_
11	them	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	10	obj	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **introduce** | past · passive |  | Hyenas |  | Africa |  | in great numbers | vn amalgamate-22.2-3-1 «NP V NP»: subject=Patient |
| 2 | **replace** | to-infinitive |  | Hyenas *= hyena* |  |  |  |  | vn substitute-13.6.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Theme they=Co-Theme |

### Option 3 {#o3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Crops ceased to grow throughout the region

```conllu
# sent_id = question:biology:47-predators-prey-scavengers-decomposers:e4:o3:1
# text = Crops ceased to grow throughout the region
1	Crops	crop	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	0	root	_	_
2	ceased	cease	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	1	acl	_	_
3	to	to	PART	TO	_	4	mark	_	_
4	grow	grow	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	2	advcl	_	_
5	throughout	throughout	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	region	region	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **cease** | participle |  | Crops *not said here* |  |  |  |  | vn stop-55.4-1-1 «NP.eventuality V»: agent=Eventuality |
| 2 | **grow** | to-infinitive |  |  |  | the region |  |  | vn appear-48.1.1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme throughout region=Location |

### Option 4 {#o4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The number of cattle declined sharply

```conllu
# sent_id = question:biology:47-predators-prey-scavengers-decomposers:e4:o4:1
# text = The number of cattle declined sharply
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	number	number	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
3	of	of	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
4	cattle	cattle	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	nmod	_	_
5	declined	decline	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	4	acl	_	_
6	sharply	sharply	ADV	RB	_	5	advmod	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **decline** | participle |  | cattle *not said here* |  |  |  | sharply *property* | vn calibratable\_cos-45.6.1-1 «NP.attribute V»: agent=Attribute |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (`world/data/school/`), as the course runner gave them to the student. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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