---
title: Identify the principal reason for which barn swallows depart Europe… — Migration: the great journeys · tree and pragmatics
description: Identify the principal reason for which barn swallows depart Europe in autumn. Exam question 1 of lesson 54 «Migration: the great journeys» of the biology course of Mova's primary school, with the dependency tree and pragmatics of the question and of each option; Mova's choice was right.
---

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# Exam question 1 · Migration: the great journeys

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Identify the principal reason for which barn swallows depart Europe in autumn.

<!-- .vintro -->
**Mova's choice:** option 1 · **The right answer:** option 1 · right ✓ · **Who acts:** you, barn swallows · **What happens:** identify, depart · **To what, where:** principal reason, Europe

<!-- .vabout -->
This is exam question 1 of lesson 54 «Migration: the great journeys» of the biology course of Mova's primary school, asked in stiff, formal language. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: [the test at school](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/school-run/biology/54-migration-the-great-journeys/#e1).

## The question {#question}

```conllu
# sent_id = question:biology:54-migration-the-great-journeys:e1:1
# text = Identify the principal reason for which barn swallows depart Europe in autumn.
1	Identify	identify	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
2	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
3	principal	principal	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	amod	_	_
4	reason	reason	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obj	_	_
5	for	for	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
6	which	which	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	9	obl	_	_
7	barn	barn	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	compound	_	_
8	swallows	swallow	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	9	nsubj	_	_
9	depart	depart	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	acl:relcl	_	_
10	Europe	Europe	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	9	obj	_	_
11	in	in	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
12	autumn	autumn	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **identify** | imperative | you *not said here* | the principal reason |  |  |  |  | vn characterize-29.2-1-1 «NP V NP S\_ING»: agent=Agent reason=Theme |
| 2 | **depart** | present | barn swallows | Europe |  |  | autumn | for the principal reason | vn escape-51.1-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Theme europe=Initial\_Location |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## The options {#options}

### Option 1 · ← Mova's choice · ✓ the right answer {#o1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The scarcity of flying insects during the European winter

```conllu
# sent_id = question:biology:54-migration-the-great-journeys:e1:o1:1
# text = The scarcity of flying insects during the European winter
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	scarcity	scarcity	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
3	of	of	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
4	flying	fly	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	5	amod	_	_
5	insects	insect	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	nmod	_	_
6	during	during	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
8	European	European	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	9	amod	_	_
9	winter	winter	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nmod	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **fly** | gerund |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn spatial\_configuration-47.6-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |

### Option 2 {#o2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The necessity of moulting exclusively in Africa, where food is plentiful

```conllu
# sent_id = question:biology:54-migration-the-great-journeys:e1:o2:1
# text = The necessity of moulting exclusively in Africa, where food is plentiful
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	necessity	necessity	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nsubj	_	_
3	of	of	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
4	moulting	moulting	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nmod	_	_
5	exclusively	exclusively	ADV	RB	_	7	advmod	_	_
6	in	in	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
7	Africa	Africa	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	12	punct	_	_
9	where	where	ADV	WRB	PronType=Rel	12	advmod	_	_
10	food	food	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	12	nsubj	_	_
11	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	12	cop	_	_
12	plentiful	plentiful	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	conj	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | present | food |  |  |  |  | plentiful *property* | tree rules |

### Option 3 {#o3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The collapse of their nests in September

```conllu
# sent_id = question:biology:54-migration-the-great-journeys:e1:o3:1
# text = The collapse of their nests in September
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	collapse	collapse	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
3	of	of	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
4	their	their	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	5	nmod:poss	_	_
5	nests	nest	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	nmod	_	_
6	in	in	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
7	September	September	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	5	nmod	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **collapse** |  | their nests in September |  |  |  |  |  | nom collapse «state intransitive»: of=agent |

### Option 4 {#o4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
An aversion to the colour of snow

```conllu
# sent_id = question:biology:54-migration-the-great-journeys:e1:o4:1
# text = An aversion to the colour of snow
1	An	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	aversion	aversion	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
3	to	to	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	colour	colour	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nmod	_	_
6	of	of	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
7	snow	snow	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nmod	_	_
```

<!-- .note -->
The frames reader finds no event or fact in this sentence.

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**Text:** the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (`world/data/school/`), as the course runner gave them to the student. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

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