---
title: Identify the principal reason for which antibiotic medication is ine… — Microbes: bacteria and viruses, good a… · tree and pragmatics
description: Identify the principal reason for which antibiotic medication is ineffective against the common cold. Exam question 1 of lesson 63 «Microbes: bacteria and viruses, good and bad» of the biology course of Mova's primary school, with the dependency tree and pragmatics of the question and of each option
---

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# Exam question 1 · Microbes: bacteria and viruses, good and bad

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Identify the principal reason for which antibiotic medication is ineffective against the common cold.

<!-- .vintro -->
**Mova's choice:** option 3 · **The right answer:** option 3 · right ✓ · **Who acts:** you, antibiotic medication · **What happens:** identify, be · **To what, where:** principal reason

<!-- .vabout -->
This is exam question 1 of lesson 63 «Microbes: bacteria and viruses, good and bad» of the biology course of Mova's primary school, asked in stiff, formal language. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: [the test at school](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/school-run/biology/63-microbes-bacteria-and-viruses/#e1).

## The question {#question}

```conllu
# sent_id = question:biology:63-microbes-bacteria-and-viruses:e1:1
# text = Identify the principal reason for which antibiotic medication is ineffective against the common cold.
1	Identify	identify	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
2	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
3	principal	principal	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	amod	_	_
4	reason	reason	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obj	_	_
5	for	for	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
6	which	which	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	10	obl	_	_
7	antibiotic	antibiotic	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	amod	_	_
8	medication	medication	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	nsubj	_	_
9	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	10	cop	_	_
10	ineffective	ineffective	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	acl	_	_
11	against	against	ADP	IN	_	14	case	_	_
12	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	14	det	_	_
13	common	common	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	14	amod	_	_
14	cold	cold	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **identify** | imperative | you *not said here* | the principal reason |  |  |  |  | vn characterize-29.2-1-1 «NP V NP S\_ING»: agent=Agent reason=Theme |
| 2 | **is** | present | antibiotic medication |  |  |  |  | for the principal reason; against the common cold; ineffective *property* | tree rules |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## The options {#options}

### Option 1 {#o1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The common cold is not an infection of any kind, being caused by low temperature

<!-- fold The tree, 15 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = question:biology:63-microbes-bacteria-and-viruses:e1:o1:1
# text = The common cold is not an infection of any kind, being caused by low temperature
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	common	common	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	cold	cold	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nsubj	_	_
4	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	7	cop	_	_
5	not	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	7	advmod	_	_
6	an	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	infection	infection	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
8	of	of	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
9	any	any	DET	DT	PronType=Ind	10	det	_	_
10	kind	kind	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	13	punct	_	_
12	being	be	AUX	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	13	aux:pass	_	_
13	caused	cause	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	7	conj	_	_
14	by	by	ADP	IN	_	16	case	_	_
15	low	low	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	16	amod	_	_
16	temperature	temperature	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	13	obl	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **not** **is a** | present | the common cold | a infection |  |  |  | of any kind | tree rules |
| 2 | **cause** | gerund · passive | low temperature |  |  |  |  |  | vn result-27.2 «NP V PP»: agent=Precondition |

### Option 2 {#o2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The cold virus is too large for antibiotics to penetrate

```conllu
# sent_id = question:biology:63-microbes-bacteria-and-viruses:e1:o2:1
# text = The cold virus is too large for antibiotics to penetrate
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	cold	cold	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	virus	virus	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nsubj	_	_
4	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	cop	_	_
5	too	too	ADV	RB	_	6	advmod	_	_
6	large	large	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	_
7	for	for	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
8	antibiotics	antibiotic	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	obl	_	_
9	to	to	PART	TO	_	10	mark	_	_
10	penetrate	penetrate	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	6	advcl	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | present | the cold virus |  |  |  |  | for antibiotics; large *property* | tree rules |
| 2 | **penetrate** | to-infinitive | the cold virus *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn poke-19 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent |

### Option 3 · ← Mova's choice · ✓ the right answer {#o3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The common cold is caused by a virus, upon which antibiotics have no effect

<!-- fold The tree, 14 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = question:biology:63-microbes-bacteria-and-viruses:e1:o3:1
# text = The common cold is caused by a virus, upon which antibiotics have no effect
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	common	common	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	cold	cold	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj:pass	_	_
4	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	aux:pass	_	_
5	caused	cause	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
6	by	by	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	virus	virus	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	13	punct	_	_
10	upon	upon	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
11	which	which	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	13	obl	_	_
12	antibiotics	antibiotic	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	13	nsubj	_	_
13	have	have	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	conj	_	_
14	no	no	DET	DT	PronType=Neg	15	det	_	_
15	effect	effect	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	13	obj	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **cause** | present · passive | a virus | the common cold |  |  |  |  | vn engender-27.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Precondition subject=Patient |
| 2 | **have** | present | antibiotics | no effect |  |  |  |  | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent effect=Patient |

### Option 4 {#o4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Antibiotics act only on fungi

```conllu
# sent_id = question:biology:63-microbes-bacteria-and-viruses:e1:o4:1
# text = Antibiotics act only on fungi
1	Antibiotics	antibiotic	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	nsubj	_	_
2	act	act	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	only	only	ADV	RB	_	5	advmod	_	_
4	on	on	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
5	fungi	fungus	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obl	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **act** | present | Antibiotics |  |  | fungi |  |  | vn act-114-1-1 «NP V PP.theme»: agent=Agent on fungus=Eventuality |

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**Text:** the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (`world/data/school/`), as the course runner gave them to the student. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

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