---
title: Which of the following statements most accurately characterises the… — Lungs and breathing · tree and pragmatics
description: Which of the following statements most accurately characterises the action of the diaphragm during inspiration? Exam question 2 of lesson 66 «Lungs and breathing» of the biology course of Mova's primary school, with the dependency tree and pragmatics of the question and of each option; Mova's choice
---

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# Exam question 2 · Lungs and breathing

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Which of the following statements most accurately characterises the action of the diaphragm during inspiration?

<!-- .vintro -->
**Mova's choice:** option 1 · **The right answer:** option 3 · wrong ✗ · **Who acts:** diaphragm · **What happens:** follow, characteris, act · **To what, where:** action

<!-- .vabout -->
This is exam question 2 of lesson 66 «Lungs and breathing» of the biology course of Mova's primary school, asked in stiff, formal language. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: [the test at school](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/school-run/biology/66-lungs-and-breathing/#e2).

## The question {#question}

```conllu
# sent_id = question:biology:66-lungs-and-breathing:e2:1
# text = Which of the following statements most accurately characterises the action of the diaphragm during inspiration?
1	Which	which	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	8	nsubj	_	_
2	of	of	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
4	following	follow	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	5	amod	_	_
5	statements	statement	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	8	obl	_	_
6	most	most	ADV	RBS	Degree=Sup	7	advmod	_	_
7	accurately	accurately	ADV	RB	_	8	advmod	_	_
8	characterises	characteris	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
9	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
10	action	action	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	obj	_	_
11	of	of	ADP	IN	_	13	case	_	_
12	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	13	det	_	_
13	diaphragm	diaphragm	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	nmod	_	_
14	during	during	ADP	IN	_	15	case	_	_
15	inspiration	inspiration	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	?	?	PUNCT	.	_	8	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **follow** | gerund |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn occur-48.3-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 2 | **characteris** | present |  | the action of the diaphragm |  |  | during inspiration | of the following statements; accurately *property* | tree rules |
| 3 | **act** |  | the diaphragm |  |  |  |  |  | nom action «act intransitive»: of=agent |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## The options {#options}

### Option 1 · ← Mova's choice {#o1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
It closes the windpipe against the entry of food

```conllu
# sent_id = question:biology:66-lungs-and-breathing:e2:o1:1
# text = It closes the windpipe against the entry of food
1	It	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	closes	close	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	windpipe	windpipe	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
5	against	against	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	entry	entry	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nmod	_	_
8	of	of	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
9	food	food	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nmod	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **close** | present | It | the windpipe |  |  |  | against the entry of food | vn crane-40.3.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent windpipe=Patient |
| 2 | **enter** |  |  | food |  |  |  |  | nom entry «communication transitive»: of=patient |

### Option 2 {#o2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
It ascends and compresses the lungs from below and behind

```conllu
# sent_id = question:biology:66-lungs-and-breathing:e2:o2:1
# text = It ascends and compresses the lungs from below and behind
1	It	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	ascends	ascend	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	4	cc	_	_
4	compresses	compress	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	2	conj	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	lungs	lung	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	obj	_	_
7	from	from	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
8	below	below	ADV	RB	_	4	obl	_	_
9	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	10	cc	_	_
10	behind	behind	ADV	RB	_	8	conj	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **ascend** | present | It |  |  |  |  |  | vn escape-51.1-1-3 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 2 | **compress** | present |  | the lungs |  |  |  |  | vn bend-45.2 «NP V NP.patient»: agent=Agent lung=Patient |

### Option 3 · ✓ the right answer {#o3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
It contracts and descends, enlarging the chest cavity

```conllu
# sent_id = question:biology:66-lungs-and-breathing:e2:o3:1
# text = It contracts and descends, enlarging the chest cavity
1	It	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	contracts	contract	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	4	cc	_	_
4	descends	descend	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	2	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	6	punct	_	_
6	enlarging	enlarge	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	4	advcl	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
8	chest	chest	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	compound	_	_
9	cavity	cavity	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	obj	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **contract** | present | It |  |  |  |  |  | vn bend-45.2 «NP.patient V»: agent=Patient |
| 2 | **descend** | present |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn meander-47.7-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 3 | **enlarge** | gerund |  | the chest cavity |  |  |  |  | vn other\_cos-45.4 «NP V NP.patient»: agent=Agent cavity=Patient |

### Option 4 {#o4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
It remains wholly inactive throughout inspiration

```conllu
# sent_id = question:biology:66-lungs-and-breathing:e2:o4:1
# text = It remains wholly inactive throughout inspiration
1	It	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	remains	remain	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	wholly	wholly	ADV	RB	_	4	advmod	_	_
4	inactive	inactive	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	xcomp	_	_
5	throughout	throughout	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
6	inspiration	inspiration	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **remain** | present | It |  |  |  |  | inactive *property* | vn exist-47.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |

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**Text:** the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (`world/data/school/`), as the course runner gave them to the student. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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- ← previous: [Lungs and breathing, exam 1](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/questions/biology/66-lungs-and-breathing/e1/)
- next →: [Lungs and breathing, exam 3](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/questions/biology/66-lungs-and-breathing/e3/)
- ↑ back to [Lungs and breathing](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/questions/biology/66-lungs-and-breathing/)