---
title: Identify the principal reason for which antibiotic medicines are ine… — Staying healthy: germs, vaccines, slee… · tree and pragmatics
description: Identify the principal reason for which antibiotic medicines are ineffective against the common cold. Exam question 1 of lesson 72 «Staying healthy: germs, vaccines, sleep, food and exercise» of the biology course of Mova's primary school, with the dependency tree and pragmatics of the question and 
---

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# Exam question 1 · Staying healthy: germs, vaccines, sleep, food and exercise

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Identify the principal reason for which antibiotic medicines are ineffective against the common cold.

<!-- .vintro -->
**Mova's choice:** option 3 · **The right answer:** option 3 · right ✓ · **Who acts:** you, antibiotic medicines · **What happens:** identify, be · **To what, where:** principal reason

<!-- .vabout -->
This is exam question 1 of lesson 72 «Staying healthy: germs, vaccines, sleep, food and exercise» of the biology course of Mova's primary school, asked in stiff, formal language. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: [the test at school](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/school-run/biology/72-staying-healthy/#e1).

## The question {#question}

```conllu
# sent_id = question:biology:72-staying-healthy:e1:1
# text = Identify the principal reason for which antibiotic medicines are ineffective against the common cold.
1	Identify	identify	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
2	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
3	principal	principal	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	amod	_	_
4	reason	reason	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obj	_	_
5	for	for	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
6	which	which	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	10	obl	_	_
7	antibiotic	antibiotic	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	amod	_	_
8	medicines	medicine	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	10	nsubj	_	_
9	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	10	cop	_	_
10	ineffective	ineffective	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	acl	_	_
11	against	against	ADP	IN	_	14	case	_	_
12	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	14	det	_	_
13	common	common	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	14	amod	_	_
14	cold	cold	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **identify** | imperative | you *not said here* | the principal reason |  |  |  |  | vn characterize-29.2-1-1 «NP V NP S\_ING»: agent=Agent reason=Theme |
| 2 | **is** | present | antibiotic medicines |  |  |  |  | for the principal reason; against the common cold; ineffective *property* | tree rules |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## The options {#options}

### Option 1 {#o1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The common cold is caused by exposure to cold air rather than by any germ

<!-- fold The tree, 15 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = question:biology:72-staying-healthy:e1:o1:1
# text = The common cold is caused by exposure to cold air rather than by any germ
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	common	common	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	cold	cold	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj:pass	_	_
4	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	aux:pass	_	_
5	caused	cause	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
6	by	by	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
7	exposure	exposure	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obl:agent	_	_
8	to	to	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
9	cold	cold	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	10	amod	_	_
10	air	air	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obl	_	_
11	rather	rather	ADV	RB	ExtPos=CCONJ	5	advmod	_	_
12	than	than	ADP	IN	_	11	fixed	_	_
13	by	by	ADP	IN	_	15	case	_	_
14	any	any	DET	DT	PronType=Ind	15	det	_	_
15	germ	germ	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obl:agent	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **cause** | present · passive | exposure | the common cold |  |  |  | to cold air | vn engender-27.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Precondition subject=Patient |

### Option 2 {#o2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The common cold is caused by bacteria too resistant for any medicine

```conllu
# sent_id = question:biology:72-staying-healthy:e1:o2:1
# text = The common cold is caused by bacteria too resistant for any medicine
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	common	common	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	cold	cold	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj:pass	_	_
4	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	aux:pass	_	_
5	caused	cause	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
6	by	by	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
7	bacteria	bacterium	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	obl:agent	_	_
8	too	too	ADV	RB	_	9	advmod	_	_
9	resistant	resistant	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	xcomp	_	_
10	for	for	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
11	any	any	DET	DT	PronType=Ind	12	det	_	_
12	medicine	medicine	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obl	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **cause** | present · passive | bacteria | the common cold |  |  |  | for any medicine; resistant *property* | vn engender-27.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Precondition subject=Patient |

### Option 3 · ← Mova's choice · ✓ the right answer {#o3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The common cold is caused by viruses, whereas antibiotics act upon bacteria

```conllu
# sent_id = question:biology:72-staying-healthy:e1:o3:1
# text = The common cold is caused by viruses, whereas antibiotics act upon bacteria
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	common	common	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	cold	cold	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj:pass	_	_
4	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	aux:pass	_	_
5	caused	cause	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
6	by	by	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
7	viruses	virus	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	11	punct	_	_
9	whereas	whereas	SCONJ	IN	_	11	mark	_	_
10	antibiotics	antibiotic	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	11	nsubj	_	_
11	act	act	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	conj	_	_
12	upon	upon	ADP	IN	_	13	case	_	_
13	bacteria	bacterium	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	11	obl	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **cause** | present · passive | viruses | the common cold |  |  |  |  | vn engender-27.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Precondition subject=Patient |
| 2 | **act** | present | antibiotics |  |  |  |  | upon bacteria | vn act-114-1-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |

### Option 4 {#o4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Antibiotics are effective only at elevated temperatures

```conllu
# sent_id = question:biology:72-staying-healthy:e1:o4:1
# text = Antibiotics are effective only at elevated temperatures
1	Antibiotics	antibiotic	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	nsubj	_	_
2	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	3	cop	_	_
3	effective	effective	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	_
4	only	only	ADV	RB	_	7	advmod	_	_
5	at	at	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	elevated	elevate	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	7	amod	_	_
7	temperatures	temperature	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obl	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | present | Antibiotics |  |  | elevated temperatures |  | effective *property* | tree rules |
| 2 | **elevate** | participle |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn put\_direction-9.4 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent |

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**Text:** the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (`world/data/school/`), as the course runner gave them to the student. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

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