---
title: «found a huge shark tooth on the beach, so there's a giant shark her… — Fossils: how we know about life long ago · tree and pragmatics
description: «found a huge shark tooth on the beach, so there's a giant shark here now» What is right? Test 10 of lesson 74 «Fossils: how we know about life long ago» of the biology course of Mova's primary school, with the dependency tree and pragmatics of the question and of each option; Mova's choice was wron
---

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# Test 10 · Fossils: how we know about life long ago

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
«found a huge shark tooth on the beach, so there's a giant shark here now» What is right?

<!-- .vintro -->
**Mova's choice:** option 1 · **The right answer:** option 4 · wrong ✗ · **Who acts:** giant shark · **What happens:** find, be · **To what, where:** huge shark tooth, beach · **Speech:** someone speaks here

<!-- .vabout -->
This is test 10 of lesson 74 «Fossils: how we know about life long ago» of the biology course of Mova's primary school. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: [the test at school](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/school-run/biology/74-fossils-life-long-ago/#t10).

## The question {#question}

```conllu
# sent_id = question:biology:74-fossils-life-long-ago:t10:1
# text = «found a huge shark tooth on the beach, so there's a giant shark here now» What is right?
1	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	2	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	found	find	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
4	huge	huge	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
5	shark	shark	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	compound	_	_
6	tooth	tooth	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
7	on	on	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
8	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	beach	beach	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	13	punct	_	_
11	so	so	ADV	RB	_	13	advmod	_	_
12	there	there	PRON	EX	PronType=Dem	13	expl	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	's	be	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	2	parataxis	_	_
14	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	16	det	_	_
15	giant	giant	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	16	amod	_	_
16	shark	shark	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	13	nsubj	_	_
17	here	here	ADV	RB	PronType=Dem	13	advmod	_	_
18	now	now	ADV	RB	PronType=Dem	13	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
19	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	2	punct	_	_
20	What	what	PRON	WP	PronType=Int	22	nsubj	_	_
21	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	22	cop	_	_
22	right	right	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	ccomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
23	?	?	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **find** *in a quote* | past |  | a huge shark tooth |  | the beach |  |  | vn discover-84 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent tooth=Topic |
| 2 | **be** *in a quote* | present | a giant shark |  |  | here; there | now |  | vn exist-47.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 3 | **is** | present |  |  |  |  |  | right *property* | tree rules |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## The options {#options}

### Option 1 · ← Mova's choice {#o1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Yes, shark teeth only ever wash up when a shark is swimming close by

<!-- fold The tree, 14 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = question:biology:74-fossils-life-long-ago:t10:o1:1
# text = Yes, shark teeth only ever wash up when a shark is swimming close by
1	Yes	yes	INTJ	UH	Polarity=Pos	7	discourse	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	1	punct	_	_
3	shark	shark	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	compound	_	_
4	teeth	tooth	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	7	nsubj	_	_
5	only	only	ADV	RB	_	7	advmod	_	_
6	ever	ever	ADV	RB	PronType=Ind	7	advmod	_	_
7	wash	wash	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
8	up	up	ADP	RP	_	7	compound:prt	_	_
9	when	when	SCONJ	WRB	_	13	mark	_	_
10	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	11	det	_	_
11	shark	shark	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	13	nsubj	_	_
12	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	13	aux	_	_
13	swimming	swim	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	7	advcl	_	_
14	close	close	ADV	RB	Degree=Pos	13	advmod	_	_
15	by	by	ADP	IN	_	7	obl	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **wash up** | infinitive | shark teeth |  |  |  | ever |  | vn floss-41.2.1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **swim** | present · progressive | a shark |  |  |  |  | close *property* | vn run-51.3.2-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |

### Option 2 {#o2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
No, shark teeth are always fake

```conllu
# sent_id = question:biology:74-fossils-life-long-ago:t10:o2:1
# text = No, shark teeth are always fake
1	No	no	INTJ	UH	Polarity=Neg	7	discourse	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	1	punct	_	_
3	shark	shark	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	compound	_	_
4	teeth	tooth	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	7	nsubj	_	_
5	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	7	cop	_	_
6	always	always	ADV	RB	PronType=Tot	7	advmod	_	_
7	fake	fake	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | present | shark teeth |  |  |  |  | always, fake *property* | tree rules |

### Option 3 {#o3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Yes, it must be a living megalodon

```conllu
# sent_id = question:biology:74-fossils-life-long-ago:t10:o3:1
# text = Yes, it must be a living megalodon
1	Yes	yes	INTJ	UH	Polarity=Pos	8	discourse	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	1	punct	_	_
3	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	8	nsubj	_	_
4	must	must	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	8	aux	_	_
5	be	be	AUX	VB	VerbForm=Inf	8	cop	_	_
6	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
7	living	living	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	amod	_	_
8	megalodon	megalodon	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | must | it | a living megalodon |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

### Option 4 · ✓ the right answer {#o4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Sharks shed thousands of teeth, and many beach teeth are fossils

```conllu
# sent_id = question:biology:74-fossils-life-long-ago:t10:o4:1
# text = Sharks shed thousands of teeth, and many beach teeth are fossils
1	Sharks	shark	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	nsubj	_	_
2	shed	shed	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	thousands	thousand	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obj	_	_
4	of	of	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
5	teeth	tooth	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	12	punct	_	_
7	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	12	cc	_	_
8	many	many	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	10	amod	_	_
9	beach	beach	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	compound	_	_
10	teeth	tooth	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	12	nsubj	_	_
11	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	12	cop	_	_
12	fossils	fossil	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	parataxis	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **shed** | past | Sharks | thousands of teeth |  |  |  |  | vn substance\_emission-43.4-1 «PP.location V NP»: agent=Location thousand=Source |
| 2 | **is a** | present | many beach teeth | fossils |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

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**Text:** the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (`world/data/school/`), as the course runner gave them to the student. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

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