---
title: «pterodactyls are flying dinosaurs innit» What is right? — Dinosaurs: kinds, sizes and how they l… · tree and pragmatics
description: «pterodactyls are flying dinosaurs innit» What is right? Test 3 of lesson 75 «Dinosaurs: kinds, sizes and how they lived» of the biology course of Mova's primary school, with the dependency tree and pragmatics of the question and of each option; Mova's choice was right.
---

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# Test 3 · Dinosaurs: kinds, sizes and how they lived

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
«pterodactyls are flying dinosaurs innit» What is right?

<!-- .vintro -->
**Mova's choice:** option 4 · **The right answer:** option 4 · right ✓ · **Who acts:** pterodactyls, flying · **What happens:** fly, be · **To what, where:** dinosaurs innit · **Speech:** someone speaks here

<!-- .vabout -->
This is test 3 of lesson 75 «Dinosaurs: kinds, sizes and how they lived» of the biology course of Mova's primary school. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: [the test at school](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/school-run/biology/75-dinosaurs-kinds-sizes-and-lives/#t3).

## The question {#question}

```conllu
# sent_id = question:biology:75-dinosaurs-kinds-sizes-and-lives:t3:1
# text = «pterodactyls are flying dinosaurs innit» What is right?
1	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	4	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	pterodactyls	pterodactyl	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	nsubj	_	_
3	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	aux	_	_
4	flying	fly	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	10	csubj	_	_
5	dinosaurs	dinosaur	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	compound	_	_
6	innit	innit	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	4	punct	_	_
8	What	what	PRON	WP	PronType=Int	4	obj	_	_
9	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	10	cop	_	_
10	right	right	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	?	?	PUNCT	.	_	10	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **fly** *in a quote* | present · progressive | pterodactyls | dinosaurs innit |  |  |  |  | vn put\_spatial-9.2 «NP V NP ADVP»: agent=Agent innit=Theme what=Destination |
| 2 | **is** | present | flying |  |  |  |  | right *property* | tree rules |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## The options {#options}

### Option 1 {#o1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Yes, and they were the first birds

```conllu
# sent_id = question:biology:75-dinosaurs-kinds-sizes-and-lives:t3:o1:1
# text = Yes, and they were the first birds
1	Yes	yes	INTJ	UH	Polarity=Pos	8	discourse	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	1	punct	_	_
3	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	8	cc	_	_
4	they	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	8	nsubj	_	_
5	were	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	8	cop	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
7	first	first	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos|NumForm=Word|NumType=Ord	8	amod	_	_
8	birds	bird	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	0	root	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | past | they | the first birds |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

### Option 2 {#o2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
No, they were giant bats

```conllu
# sent_id = question:biology:75-dinosaurs-kinds-sizes-and-lives:t3:o2:1
# text = No, they were giant bats
1	No	no	INTJ	UH	Polarity=Neg	6	discourse	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	1	punct	_	_
3	they	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	6	nsubj	_	_
4	were	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	6	cop	_	_
5	giant	giant	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	bats	bat	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	0	root	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | past | they | giant bats |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

### Option 3 {#o3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Yes, every flying reptile was a dinosaur, and pterosaurs were the biggest ones

<!-- fold The tree, 13 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = question:biology:75-dinosaurs-kinds-sizes-and-lives:t3:o3:1
# text = Yes, every flying reptile was a dinosaur, and pterosaurs were the biggest ones
1	Yes	yes	INTJ	UH	Polarity=Pos	8	discourse	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	1	punct	_	_
3	every	every	DET	DT	PronType=Tot	5	det	_	_
4	flying	fly	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	5	amod	_	_
5	reptile	reptile	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	nsubj	_	_
6	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	8	cop	_	_
7	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	dinosaur	dinosaur	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	15	punct	_	_
10	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	15	cc	_	_
11	pterosaurs	pterosaur	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	15	nsubj	_	_
12	were	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	15	cop	_	_
13	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	15	det	_	_
14	biggest	big	ADJ	JJS	Degree=Sup	15	amod	_	_
15	ones	one	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	8	conj	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **fly** | gerund |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn spatial\_configuration-47.6-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 2 | **is a** | past | every flying reptile | a dinosaur and the biggest ones |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 3 | **is a** | past | pterosaurs | the biggest ones |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

### Option 4 · ← Mova's choice · ✓ the right answer {#o4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Pterosaurs were flying reptiles, not dinosaurs; birds are the flying dinosaurs

```conllu
# sent_id = question:biology:75-dinosaurs-kinds-sizes-and-lives:t3:o4:1
# text = Pterosaurs were flying reptiles, not dinosaurs; birds are the flying dinosaurs
1	Pterosaurs	pterosaur	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	nsubj	_	_
2	were	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	4	cop	_	_
3	flying	fly	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	4	amod	_	_
4	reptiles	reptile	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	7	punct	_	_
6	not	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	7	advmod	_	_
7	dinosaurs	dinosaur	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	;	;	PUNCT	:	_	13	punct	_	_
9	birds	bird	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	13	nsubj	_	_
10	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	13	cop	_	_
11	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	13	det	_	_
12	flying	fly	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	13	amod	_	_
13	dinosaurs	dinosaur	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	conj	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **fly** | gerund |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn spatial\_configuration-47.6-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 2 | **is a** | past | Pterosaurs | flying reptiles and dinosaurs and the flying dinosaurs |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 3 | **fly** | gerund |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn spatial\_configuration-47.6-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 4 | **is a** | present | birds | the flying dinosaurs |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

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**Text:** the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (`world/data/school/`), as the course runner gave them to the student. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

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