--- title: Which of the following statements most accurately characterises the… — The end of the dinosaurs, and birds as… · tree and pragmatics description: Which of the following statements most accurately characterises the evolutionary origin of birds? Exam question 2 of lesson 76 «The end of the dinosaurs, and birds as living dinosaurs» of the biology course of Mova's primary school, with the dependency tree and pragmatics of the question and of each --- [Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/questions/biology/76-end-of-the-dinosaurs-and-birds/e2/) [home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [questions](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/questions/) / [Biology](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/questions/biology/) / [The end of the dinosaurs, and birds as…](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/questions/biology/76-end-of-the-dinosaurs-and-birds/) / e2 # Exam question 2 · The end of the dinosaurs, and birds as living dinosaurs Which of the following statements most accurately characterises the evolutionary origin of birds? **Mova's choice:** option 1 · **The right answer:** option 3 · wrong ✗ · **What happens:** follow, characteris · **To what, where:** evolutionary origin This is exam question 2 of lesson 76 «The end of the dinosaurs, and birds as living dinosaurs» of the biology course of Mova's primary school, asked in stiff, formal language. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: [the test at school](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/school-run/biology/76-end-of-the-dinosaurs-and-birds/#e2). ## The question {#question} ```conllu # sent_id = question:biology:76-end-of-the-dinosaurs-and-birds:e2:1 # text = Which of the following statements most accurately characterises the evolutionary origin of birds? 1 Which which PRON WDT PronType=Rel 8 nsubj _ _ 2 of of ADP IN _ 5 case _ _ 3 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 5 det _ _ 4 following follow VERB VBG VerbForm=Ger 5 amod _ _ 5 statements statement NOUN NNS Number=Plur 8 obl _ _ 6 most most ADV RBS Degree=Sup 7 advmod _ _ 7 accurately accurately ADV RB _ 8 advmod _ _ 8 characterises characteris VERB VBZ Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 0 root _ _ 9 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 11 det _ _ 10 evolutionary evolutionary ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 11 amod _ _ 11 origin origin NOUN NN Number=Sing 8 obj _ _ 12 of of ADP IN _ 13 case _ _ 13 birds bird NOUN NNS Number=Plur 11 nmod _ SpaceAfter=No 14 ? ? PUNCT . _ 8 punct _ _ ``` | # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | 1 | **follow** | gerund | | | | | | | vn occur-48.3-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme | | 2 | **characteris** | present | | the evolutionary origin of birds | | | | of the following statements; accurately *property* | tree rules | One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree. ## The options {#options} ### Option 1 · ← Mova's choice {#o1} Birds are descended from the pterosaurs, the flying reptiles of the Mesozoic ```conllu # sent_id = question:biology:76-end-of-the-dinosaurs-and-birds:e2:o1:1 # text = Birds are descended from the pterosaurs, the flying reptiles of the Mesozoic 1 Birds bird NOUN NNS Number=Plur 3 nsubj _ _ 2 are be AUX VBP Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 3 aux:pass _ _ 3 descended descend VERB VBN Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass 0 root _ _ 4 from from ADP IN _ 6 case _ _ 5 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 6 det _ _ 6 pterosaurs pterosaur NOUN NNS Number=Plur 3 obl _ SpaceAfter=No 7 , , PUNCT , _ 10 punct _ _ 8 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 10 det _ _ 9 flying fly VERB VBG VerbForm=Ger 10 amod _ _ 10 reptiles reptile NOUN NNS Number=Plur 6 nmod _ _ 11 of of ADP IN _ 13 case _ _ 12 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 13 det _ _ 13 Mesozoic Mesozoic PROPN NNP Number=Sing 10 nmod _ _ ``` | # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | 1 | **descend** | present · passive | | Birds | | the pterosaurs the flying reptiles of the Mesozoic | | | vn meander-47.7-1 «PP.location V NP»: subject=Theme | | 2 | **fly** | gerund | | | | | | | vn spatial\_configuration-47.6-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme | ### Option 2 {#o2} Birds are descended from the long-necked sauropods ```conllu # sent_id = question:biology:76-end-of-the-dinosaurs-and-birds:e2:o2:1 # text = Birds are descended from the long-necked sauropods 1 Birds bird NOUN NNS Number=Plur 3 nsubj _ _ 2 are be AUX VBP Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 3 aux:pass _ _ 3 descended descend VERB VBN Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass 0 root _ _ 4 from from ADP IN _ 9 case _ _ 5 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 9 det _ _ 6 long long ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 8 amod _ SpaceAfter=No 7 - - PUNCT HYPH _ 6 punct _ SpaceAfter=No 8 necked neck VERB VBN Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass 9 amod _ _ 9 sauropods sauropod NOUN NNS Number=Plur 3 obl _ _ ``` | # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | 1 | **descend** | present · passive | | Birds | | the necked sauropods | | | vn meander-47.7-1 «PP.location V NP»: subject=Theme | | 2 | **neck** | participle | | | | | | | vn marry-36.2 «NP V»: agent=Agent | ### Option 3 · ✓ the right answer {#o3} Birds are descended from small feathered carnivorous dinosaurs ```conllu # sent_id = question:biology:76-end-of-the-dinosaurs-and-birds:e2:o3:1 # text = Birds are descended from small feathered carnivorous dinosaurs 1 Birds bird NOUN NNS Number=Plur 3 nsubj _ _ 2 are be AUX VBP Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 3 aux:pass _ _ 3 descended descend VERB VBN Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass 0 root _ _ 4 from from ADP IN _ 8 case _ _ 5 small small ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 8 amod _ _ 6 feathered feathered ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 8 amod _ _ 7 carnivorous carnivorous ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 8 amod _ _ 8 dinosaurs dinosaur NOUN NNS Number=Plur 3 obl _ _ ``` | # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | 1 | **descend** | present · passive | | Birds | | | | from small feathered carnivorous dinosaurs | vn meander-47.7-1 «PP.location V NP»: subject=Theme | ### Option 4 {#o4} Birds arose independently of all reptiles ```conllu # sent_id = question:biology:76-end-of-the-dinosaurs-and-birds:e2:o4:1 # text = Birds arose independently of all reptiles 1 Birds bird NOUN NNS Number=Plur 2 nsubj _ _ 2 arose arise VERB VBD Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 0 root _ _ 3 independently independently ADV RB _ 2 advmod _ _ 4 of of ADP IN _ 6 case _ _ 5 all all DET DT PronType=Tot 6 det _ _ 6 reptiles reptile NOUN NNS Number=Plur 2 obl _ _ ``` | # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | 1 | **arise** | past | Birds | | | | | of all reptiles; independently *property* | vn appear-48.1.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme | **Text:** the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (`world/data/school/`), as the course runner gave them to the student. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License. - ← previous: [The end of the dinosaurs, and birds as…, exam 1](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/questions/biology/76-end-of-the-dinosaurs-and-birds/e1/) - next →: [The end of the dinosaurs, and birds as…, exam 3](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/questions/biology/76-end-of-the-dinosaurs-and-birds/e3/) - ↑ back to [The end of the dinosaurs, and birds as living dinosaurs](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/questions/biology/76-end-of-the-dinosaurs-and-birds/)