---
title: Which of the following statements most accurately characterises the… — The aquarium: the shark tunnel and the… · tree and pragmatics
description: Which of the following statements most accurately characterises the relationship between sharks and rays? Exam question 2 of lesson 91 «The aquarium: the shark tunnel and the rays» of the biology course of Mova's primary school, with the dependency tree and pragmatics of the question and of each opt
---

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# Exam question 2 · The aquarium: the shark tunnel and the rays

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Which of the following statements most accurately characterises the relationship between sharks and rays?

<!-- .vintro -->
**Mova's choice:** option 3 · **The right answer:** option 3 · right ✓ · **What happens:** follow, characteris · **To what, where:** relationship

<!-- .vabout -->
This is exam question 2 of lesson 91 «The aquarium: the shark tunnel and the rays» of the biology course of Mova's primary school, asked in stiff, formal language. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: [the test at school](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/school-run/biology/91-the-aquarium-the-shark-tunnel-and-the-rays/#e2).

## The question {#question}

```conllu
# sent_id = question:biology:91-the-aquarium-the-shark-tunnel-and-the-rays:e2:1
# text = Which of the following statements most accurately characterises the relationship between sharks and rays?
1	Which	which	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	8	nsubj	_	_
2	of	of	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
4	following	follow	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	5	amod	_	_
5	statements	statement	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	8	obl	_	_
6	most	most	ADV	RBS	Degree=Sup	7	advmod	_	_
7	accurately	accurately	ADV	RB	_	8	advmod	_	_
8	characterises	characteris	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
9	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
10	relationship	relationship	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	obj	_	_
11	between	between	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
12	sharks	shark	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	10	nmod	_	_
13	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	14	cc	_	_
14	rays	ray	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	12	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	?	?	PUNCT	.	_	8	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **follow** | gerund |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn occur-48.3-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 2 | **characteris** | present |  | the relationship |  |  |  | of the following statements; between sharks and rays; accurately *property* | tree rules |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## The options {#options}

### Option 1 {#o1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Rays are juvenile sharks which have not yet attained their adult form and fins

```conllu
# sent_id = question:biology:91-the-aquarium-the-shark-tunnel-and-the-rays:e2:o1:1
# text = Rays are juvenile sharks which have not yet attained their adult form and fins
1	Rays	ray	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	nsubj	_	_
2	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	cop	_	_
3	juvenile	juvenile	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	compound	_	_
4	sharks	shark	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	0	root	_	_
5	which	which	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	9	nsubj:pass	_	_
6	have	have	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	9	aux	_	_
7	not	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	9	advmod	_	_
8	yet	yet	ADV	RB	_	9	advmod	_	_
9	attained	attain	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	4	acl:relcl	_	_
10	their	their	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	12	nmod:poss	_	_
11	adult	adult	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	12	amod	_	_
12	form	form	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	obj	_	_
13	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	14	cc	_	_
14	fins	fin	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	12	conj	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | Rays | juvenile sharks |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **not** **attain** | present · perfect · passive |  | juvenile sharks |  |  | yet |  | vn get-13.5.1 «NP V NP.beneficiary NP»: subject=Beneficiary form=Theme |
| 3 | **form** |  | Rays *= ray* |  |  |  |  |  | nom form «communication transitive»: poss=agent |

### Option 2 {#o2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Rays are marine mammals resembling sharks

```conllu
# sent_id = question:biology:91-the-aquarium-the-shark-tunnel-and-the-rays:e2:o2:1
# text = Rays are marine mammals resembling sharks
1	Rays	ray	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	nsubj	_	_
2	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	cop	_	_
3	marine	marine	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	amod	_	_
4	mammals	mammal	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	0	root	_	_
5	resembling	resemble	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	4	acl	_	_
6	sharks	shark	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	obj	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | Rays | marine mammals |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **resemble** | gerund | marine mammals *not said here* | sharks |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

### Option 3 · ← Mova's choice · ✓ the right answer {#o3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Rays are flattened relatives of sharks, both possessing cartilaginous skeletons

```conllu
# sent_id = question:biology:91-the-aquarium-the-shark-tunnel-and-the-rays:e2:o3:1
# text = Rays are flattened relatives of sharks, both possessing cartilaginous skeletons
1	Rays	ray	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	nsubj	_	_
2	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	cop	_	_
3	flattened	flatten	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	4	amod	_	_
4	relatives	relative	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	0	root	_	_
5	of	of	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
6	sharks	shark	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	9	punct	_	_
8	both	both	DET	DT	PronType=Tot	9	nsubj	_	_
9	possessing	possess	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	4	acl	_	_
10	cartilaginous	cartilaginous	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	11	amod	_	_
11	skeletons	skeleton	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	9	obj	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **flatten** | participle |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn carve-21.2-1 «NP V ADVP-Middle»: agent=Patient |
| 2 | **is a** | present | Rays | flattened relatives |  |  |  | of sharks | tree rules |
| 3 | **possess** | gerund | both | cartilaginous skeletons |  |  |  |  | vn own-100.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Pivot skeleton=Theme |

### Option 4 {#o4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Rays are bony fish unrelated to sharks

```conllu
# sent_id = question:biology:91-the-aquarium-the-shark-tunnel-and-the-rays:e2:o4:1
# text = Rays are bony fish unrelated to sharks
1	Rays	ray	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	nsubj	_	_
2	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	cop	_	_
3	bony	bony	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	amod	_	_
4	fish	fish	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	0	root	_	_
5	unrelated	unrelated	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	amod	_	_
6	to	to	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
7	sharks	shark	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	obl	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | Rays | bony fish |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (`world/data/school/`), as the course runner gave them to the student. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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