---
title: Which of the following describes the cause of Ardan's transformation… — Contes des Fées, The Adventures of Cov… · tree and pragmatics
description: Which of the following describes the cause of Ardan's transformation into stone? Exam question 1 of lesson 1183 «Contes des Fées, The Adventures of Covan the Brown-Haired, part 49: Ardan herds the old man's cows and is turned to stone» of the books course of Mova's primary school, with the dependenc
---

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# Exam question 1 · Contes des Fées, The Adventures of Covan the Brown-Haired,…

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Which of the following describes the cause of Ardan's transformation into stone?

<!-- .vintro -->
**Mova's choice:** option 2 · **The right answer:** option 3 · wrong ✗ · **Who acts:** Ardan · **What happens:** follow, describe, cause, transform · **To what, where:** cause, stone, transformation

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This is exam question 1 of lesson 1183 «Contes des Fées, The Adventures of Covan the Brown-Haired, part 49: Ardan herds the old man's cows and is turned to stone» of the books course of Mova's primary school, asked in stiff, formal language. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: [the test at school](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/school-run/books/1183-pg3027-part49/#e1).

## The question {#question}

```conllu
# sent_id = question:books:1183-pg3027-part49:e1:1
# text = Which of the following describes the cause of Ardan's transformation into stone?
1	Which	which	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	5	nsubj	_	_
2	of	of	SCONJ	IN	_	5	mark	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
4	following	follow	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	5	nsubj	_	_
5	describes	describe	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	cause	cause	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obj	_	_
8	of	of	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
9	Ardan	Ardan	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	11	nmod:poss	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	's	's	PART	POS	_	9	case	_	_
11	transformation	transformation	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nmod	_	_
12	into	into	ADP	IN	_	13	case	_	_
13	stone	stone	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	?	?	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **follow** | gerund |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn occur-48.3-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 2 | **describe** | present |  | the cause of Ardan's transformation |  | stone |  |  | vn characterize-29.2-1-1 «NP V NP S\_ING»: agent=Agent cause=Theme |
| 3 | **cause** |  |  | Ardan's transformation |  |  |  |  | nom cause «event transitive»: of=patient |
| 4 | **transform** |  | Ardan |  |  |  |  |  | nom transformation «event transitive»: poss=agent |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## The options {#options}

### Option 1 {#o1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
he broke the rules

```conllu
# sent_id = question:books:1183-pg3027-part49:e1:o1:1
# text = he broke the rules
1	he	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	broke	break	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	rules	rule	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obj	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **break** | past | he | the rules |  |  |  |  | vn hurt-40.8.3-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Experiencer rule=Patient |

### Option 2 · ← Mova's choice {#o2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
the curse placed on him by the raven's song

```conllu
# sent_id = question:books:1183-pg3027-part49:e1:o2:1
# text = the curse placed on him by the raven's song
1	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	curse	curse	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
3	placed	place	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	2	acl	_	_
4	on	on	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
5	him	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	3	obl	_	_
6	by	by	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	raven	raven	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	nmod:poss	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	's	's	PART	POS	_	8	case	_	_
10	song	song	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **place** | participle |  | the curse *not said here* |  |  |  | on him *= he*; by the raven's song | vn put-9.1-2 «NP V PP.destination NP»: agent=Agent on he=Destination |
| 2 | **sing** |  | the raven |  |  |  |  |  | nom song «communication intransitive»: poss=agent |

### Option 3 · ✓ the right answer {#o3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
his failure to fulfil the terms of his service

```conllu
# sent_id = question:books:1183-pg3027-part49:e1:o3:1
# text = his failure to fulfil the terms of his service
1	his	his	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	2	nmod:poss	_	_
2	failure	failure	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
3	to	to	PART	TO	_	4	mark	_	_
4	fulfil	fulfil	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	0	root	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	terms	term	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	obj	_	_
7	of	of	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
8	his	his	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	9	nmod:poss	_	_
9	service	service	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nmod	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **fulfil** | to-infinitive | his failure | the terms of failure's service |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **fail** |  | his *= he* |  |  |  |  |  | nom failure «act intransitive»: poss=agent |
| 3 | **term** |  |  | failure's service |  |  |  |  | nom term «communication transitive»: of=patient |
| 4 | **service** |  | failure |  |  |  |  |  | nom service «act transitive»: poss=agent |

### Option 4 {#o4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
his refusal to accept the old man's offer

```conllu
# sent_id = question:books:1183-pg3027-part49:e1:o4:1
# text = his refusal to accept the old man's offer
1	his	his	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	2	nmod:poss	_	_
2	refusal	refusal	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
3	to	to	PART	TO	_	4	mark	_	_
4	accept	accept	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	0	root	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
6	old	old	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	_
7	man	man	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	nmod:poss	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	's	's	PART	POS	_	7	case	_	_
9	offer	offer	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obj	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **accept** | to-infinitive | his refusal | the old man's offer |  |  |  |  | vn obtain-13.5.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent offer=Theme |
| 2 | **refuse** |  | his *= he* |  |  |  |  |  | nom refusal «communication transitive»: poss=agent |
| 3 | **offer** |  | the old man |  |  |  |  |  | nom offer «communication transitive»: poss=agent |

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**Text:** the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (`world/data/school/`), as the course runner gave them to the student. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

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