---
title: Which of the following most accurately states the means by which the… — Popular Tales from the Norse, Cinderla… · tree and pragmatics
description: Which of the following most accurately states the means by which the youngest son reached the foals after they had passed the cleft in the rock? Exam question 3 of lesson 1581 «Popular Tales from the Norse, Cinderlad, part 78: Cinderlad sets out to watch the seven foals and meets the old hag» of the
---

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# Exam question 3 · Popular Tales from the Norse, Cinderlad, part 78: Cinderla…

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Which of the following most accurately states the means by which the youngest son reached the foals after they had passed the cleft in the rock?

<!-- .vintro -->
**Mova's choice:** option 1 · **The right answer:** option 4 · wrong ✗ · **Who acts:** the, youngest son · **What happens:** follow, state, mean, reach, pass · **To what, where:** foals, rock · **Speech:** someone speaks here

<!-- .vabout -->
This is exam question 3 of lesson 1581 «Popular Tales from the Norse, Cinderlad, part 78: Cinderlad sets out to watch the seven foals and meets the old hag» of the books course of Mova's primary school, asked in stiff, formal language. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: [the test at school](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/school-run/books/1581-pg540-part78/#e3).

## The question {#question}

```conllu
# sent_id = question:books:1581-pg540-part78:e3:1
# text = Which of the following most accurately states the means by which the youngest son reached the foals after they had passed the cleft in the rock?
1	Which	which	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	7	nsubj	_	_
2	of	of	SCONJ	IN	_	7	mark	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
4	following	follow	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	7	csubj	_	_
5	most	most	ADV	RBS	Degree=Sup	6	advmod	_	_
6	accurately	accurately	ADV	RB	_	7	advmod	_	_
7	states	state	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
8	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	9	nsubj	_	_
9	means	mean	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	7	ccomp	_	_
10	by	by	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
11	which	which	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	15	obl	_	_
12	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	14	det	_	_
13	youngest	young	ADJ	JJS	Degree=Sup	14	amod	_	_
14	son	son	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	15	nsubj	_	_
15	reached	reach	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	9	ccomp	_	_
16	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	17	det	_	_
17	foals	foal	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	15	obj	_	_
18	after	after	SCONJ	IN	_	21	mark	_	_
19	they	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	21	nsubj:pass	_	_
20	had	have	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	21	aux	_	_
21	passed	pass	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	15	advcl	_	_
22	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	23	det	_	_
23	cleft	cleft	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	21	obj	_	_
24	in	in	ADP	IN	_	26	case	_	_
25	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	26	det	_	_
26	rock	rock	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	21	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
27	?	?	PUNCT	.	_	7	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **follow** | gerund |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn occur-48.3-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 2 | **state** *speech: other* | present |  |  |  |  |  | accurately *property* | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 3 | **mean** | present | the |  |  |  |  |  | vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 4 | **reach** | past | the youngest son | the foals |  |  |  |  | vn body\_motion-49.2-1-1 «NP V NP ADV»: agent=Agent foal=Theme |
| 5 | **pass** | past · perfect · passive |  | foals *= foal* |  | the rock |  |  | vn give-13.1 «NP V NP-Dative NP»: subject=Recipient cleft=Theme |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## The options {#options}

### Option 1 · ← Mova's choice {#o1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
He held the bridle of one foal and then rode on its neck

```conllu
# sent_id = question:books:1581-pg540-part78:e3:o1:1
# text = He held the bridle of one foal and then rode on its neck
1	He	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	held	hold	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	bridle	bridle	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
5	of	of	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	one	one	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	7	nummod	_	_
7	foal	foal	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nmod	_	_
8	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	10	cc	_	_
9	then	then	ADV	RB	PronType=Dem	10	advmod	_	_
10	rode	ride	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	2	conj	_	_
11	on	on	ADP	IN	_	13	case	_	_
12	its	its	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	13	nmod:poss	_	_
13	neck	neck	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	obl	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **hold** | past | He | the bridle of one foal |  |  |  |  | vn keep-15.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent bridle=Theme |
| 2 | **ride** | past | He *not said here* |  |  | foal's neck | then |  | vn nonvehicle-51.4.2 «NP.agent V»: agent=Agent |

### Option 2 {#o2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
He held fast to the tail of one foal as it ran past the cleft and then climbed up onto its back

<!-- fold The tree, 22 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = question:books:1581-pg540-part78:e3:o2:1
# text = He held fast to the tail of one foal as it ran past the cleft and then climbed up onto its back
1	He	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	held	hold	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	fast	fast	ADV	RB	Degree=Pos	2	advmod	_	_
4	to	to	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	tail	tail	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	_
7	of	of	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
8	one	one	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	9	nummod	_	_
9	foal	foal	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nmod	_	_
10	as	as	SCONJ	IN	_	12	mark	_	_
11	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	12	nsubj	_	_
12	ran	run	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	2	advcl	_	_
13	past	past	ADP	IN	_	15	case	_	_
14	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	15	det	_	_
15	cleft	cleft	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	12	obl	_	_
16	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	18	cc	_	_
17	then	then	ADV	RB	PronType=Dem	18	advmod	_	_
18	climbed	climb	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	2	conj	_	_
19	up	up	ADP	RP	_	18	compound:prt	_	_
20	onto	onto	ADP	IN	_	22	case	_	_
21	its	its	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	22	nmod:poss	_	_
22	back	back	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	18	obl	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **hold** | past | He |  |  |  |  | to the tail of one foal; fast *property* | vn exist-47.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 2 | **run** | past | foal |  |  | the cleft |  |  | vn run-51.3.2-2-1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme past cleft=Trajectory |
| 3 | **climb up** | past | He *not said here* |  |  | foal's back | then |  | vn run-51.3.2 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme onto back=Trajectory |

### Option 3 {#o3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
He held fast to the tail of one foal and was then carried along on its back

<!-- fold The tree, 17 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = question:books:1581-pg540-part78:e3:o3:1
# text = He held fast to the tail of one foal and was then carried along on its back
1	He	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	held	hold	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	fast	fast	ADV	RB	Degree=Pos	2	advmod	_	_
4	to	to	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	tail	tail	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	_
7	of	of	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
8	one	one	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	9	nummod	_	_
9	foal	foal	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nmod	_	_
10	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	13	cc	_	_
11	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	13	aux:pass	_	_
12	then	then	ADV	RB	PronType=Dem	13	advmod	_	_
13	carried	carry	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	2	conj	_	_
14	along	along	ADV	RB	_	13	advmod	_	_
15	on	on	ADP	IN	_	17	case	_	_
16	its	its	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	17	nmod:poss	_	_
17	back	back	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	13	obl	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **hold** | past | He |  |  |  |  | to the tail of one foal; fast *property* | vn exist-47.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 2 | **carry** | past · passive | He *not said here* |  |  | foal's back | then | along *property* | vn carry-11.4 «NP V NP» |

### Option 4 · ✓ the right answer {#o4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
He held fast to the tail of one foal and then rode on its back

<!-- fold The tree, 15 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = question:books:1581-pg540-part78:e3:o4:1
# text = He held fast to the tail of one foal and then rode on its back
1	He	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	held	hold	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	fast	fast	ADV	RB	Degree=Pos	2	advmod	_	_
4	to	to	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	tail	tail	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	_
7	of	of	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
8	one	one	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	9	nummod	_	_
9	foal	foal	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nmod	_	_
10	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	12	cc	_	_
11	then	then	ADV	RB	PronType=Dem	12	advmod	_	_
12	rode	ride	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	2	conj	_	_
13	on	on	ADP	IN	_	15	case	_	_
14	its	its	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	15	nmod:poss	_	_
15	back	back	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	12	obl	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **hold** | past | He |  |  |  |  | to the tail of one foal; fast *property* | vn exist-47.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 2 | **ride** | past | He *not said here* |  |  | foal's back | then |  | vn nonvehicle-51.4.2 «NP.agent V»: agent=Agent |

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**Text:** the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (`world/data/school/`), as the course runner gave them to the student. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

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