---
title: Identify the reason advanced by the Rat for declining to invite the… — The Wind in the Willows, chapter III,… · tree and pragmatics
description: Identify the reason advanced by the Rat for declining to invite the Badger to dine. Exam question 1 of lesson 33 «The Wind in the Willows, chapter III, part 1: The Wild Wood (winter, and the Mole sets out alone)» of the books course of Mova's primary school, with the dependency tree and pragmatics o
---

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# Exam question 1 · The Wind in the Willows, chapter III, part 1: The Wild Woo…

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Identify the reason advanced by the Rat for declining to invite the Badger to dine.

<!-- .vintro -->
**Mova's choice:** option 1 · **The right answer:** option 1 · right ✓ · **Who acts:** you · **What happens:** identify, advance, decline, not invite, dine · **To what, where:** reason, Badger

<!-- .vabout -->
This is exam question 1 of lesson 33 «The Wind in the Willows, chapter III, part 1: The Wild Wood (winter, and the Mole sets out alone)» of the books course of Mova's primary school, asked in stiff, formal language. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: [the test at school](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/school-run/books/33-willows-ch3-part1-winter-and-the-way-to-the-wood/#e1).

## The question {#question}

```conllu
# sent_id = question:books:33-willows-ch3-part1-winter-and-the-way-to-the-wood:e1:1
# text = Identify the reason advanced by the Rat for declining to invite the Badger to dine.
1	Identify	identify	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
2	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
3	reason	reason	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obj	_	_
4	advanced	advance	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	3	acl	_	_
5	by	by	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	Rat	Rat	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	_
8	for	for	SCONJ	IN	_	9	mark	_	_
9	declining	decline	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	4	advcl	_	_
10	to	to	PART	TO	_	11	mark	_	_
11	invite	invite	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	9	xcomp	_	_
12	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	13	det	_	_
13	Badger	badger	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	obj	_	_
14	to	to	PART	TO	_	15	mark	_	_
15	dine	dine	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	13	acl	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **identify** | imperative | you *not said here* | the reason |  |  |  |  | vn characterize-29.2-1-1 «NP V NP S\_ING»: agent=Agent reason=Theme |
| 2 | **advance** | participle |  | the reason *not said here* |  |  |  | by the Rat | vn caused\_calibratable\_cos-45.6.2-1 «NP V ADV-Middle»: agent=Patient |
| 3 | **decline** | gerund |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn reject-77.2 «NP V S\_ING»: agent=Agent clause=Theme |
| 4 | **not** **invite** | to-infinitive |  |  | the Badger |  |  |  | vn urge-58.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent badger=Recipient |
| 5 | **dine** | to-infinitive |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn dine-39.5 «NP V»: agent=Agent |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## The options {#options}

### Option 1 · ← Mova's choice · ✓ the right answer {#o1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
That the Badger hated Society, invitations and dinner

```conllu
# sent_id = question:books:33-willows-ch3-part1-winter-and-the-way-to-the-wood:e1:o1:1
# text = That the Badger hated Society, invitations and dinner
1	That	that	PRON	DT	Number=Sing|PronType=Dem	3	nsubj	_	_
2	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
3	Badger	Badger	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
4	hated	hate	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	Society	Society	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	4	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	7	punct	_	_
7	invitations	invitation	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	conj	_	_
8	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	9	cc	_	_
9	dinner	dinner	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	conj	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **hate** | past | the Badger | Society and invitations and dinner |  |  |  |  | vn admire-31.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Experiencer society=Stimulus |

### Option 2 {#o2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The Badger was too old to travel far from home

```conllu
# sent_id = question:books:33-willows-ch3-part1-winter-and-the-way-to-the-wood:e1:o2:1
# text = The Badger was too old to travel far from home
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	Badger	Badger	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
3	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	5	cop	_	_
4	too	too	ADV	RB	_	5	advmod	_	_
5	old	old	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	_
6	to	to	PART	TO	_	7	mark	_	_
7	travel	travel	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	5	xcomp	_	_
8	far	far	ADV	RB	Degree=Pos	7	advmod	_	_
9	from	from	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
10	home	home	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	obl	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | past | the Badger |  |  |  |  | old *property* | tree rules |
| 2 | **travel** | to-infinitive | the Badger *not said here* |  |  | home |  | far *property* | vn run-51.3.2-1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme from home=Trajectory |

### Option 3 {#o3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The Badger preferred to eat his supper alone

```conllu
# sent_id = question:books:33-willows-ch3-part1-winter-and-the-way-to-the-wood:e1:o3:1
# text = The Badger preferred to eat his supper alone
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	Badger	Badger	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	preferred	prefer	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	to	to	PART	TO	_	5	mark	_	_
5	eat	eat	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	3	xcomp	_	_
6	his	his	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	7	nmod:poss	_	_
7	supper	supper	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obj	_	_
8	alone	alone	ADV	RB	_	5	advmod	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **prefer** | past | the Badger |  |  |  |  |  | vn want-32.1-1-1 «NP V NP S\_INF»: agent=Pivot clause=Theme |
| 2 | **eat** *not said to happen* | to-infinitive | the Badger *not said here* | Badger's supper |  |  |  | alone *property* | vn eat-39.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent supper=Patient |

### Option 4 {#o4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
That the Badger hated Society, invitations and dinner, and would bite any guest who came

<!-- fold The tree, 15 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = question:books:33-willows-ch3-part1-winter-and-the-way-to-the-wood:e1:o4:1
# text = That the Badger hated Society, invitations and dinner, and would bite any guest who came
1	That	that	PRON	DT	Number=Sing|PronType=Dem	4	nsubj	_	_
2	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
3	Badger	Badger	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
4	hated	hate	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	Society	Society	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	7	compound	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	7	punct	_	_
7	invitations	invitation	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	obj	_	_
8	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	9	cc	_	_
9	dinner	dinner	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	13	punct	_	_
11	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	13	cc	_	_
12	would	would	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	13	aux	_	_
13	bite	bite	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	4	conj	_	_
14	any	any	DET	DT	PronType=Ind	15	det	_	_
15	guest	guest	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	13	obj	_	_
16	who	who	PRON	WP	PronType=Rel	17	nsubj	_	_
17	came	come	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	15	acl:relcl	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **hate** | past | That | Society invitations and dinner |  |  |  |  | vn admire-31.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Experiencer invitation=Stimulus |
| 2 | **bite** | would | That *not said here* | any guest |  |  |  |  | vn swat-18.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent guest=Patient |
| 3 | **come** | past | any guest |  |  |  |  |  | vn escape-51.1-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (`world/data/school/`), as the course runner gave them to the student. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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- ← previous: [The Wind in the Willows, chapter III,…, test 17](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/questions/books/33-willows-ch3-part1-winter-and-the-way-to-the-wood/t17/)
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- ↑ back to [The Wind in the Willows, chapter III, part 1: The Wild Wood (winter, and the Mole sets out alone)](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/questions/books/33-willows-ch3-part1-winter-and-the-way-to-the-wood/)