---
title: What was the principal distinction between the Roman Orcus and the G… — Classical Myths, The Realm of the Dead… · tree and pragmatics
description: What was the principal distinction between the Roman Orcus and the Greek Hades prior to the introduction of Greek mythology? Exam question 4 of lesson 522 «Classical Myths, The Realm of the Dead, part 28: the guilty are judged and punished in Tartarus» of the books course of Mova's primary school, w
---

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# Exam question 4 · Classical Myths, The Realm of the Dead, part 28: the guilt…

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
What was the principal distinction between the Roman Orcus and the Greek Hades prior to the introduction of Greek mythology?

<!-- .vintro -->
**Mova's choice:** option 1 · **The right answer:** option 4 · wrong ✗ · **What happens:** be, introduce · **To what, where:** principal distinction, Greek mythology

<!-- .vabout -->
This is exam question 4 of lesson 522 «Classical Myths, The Realm of the Dead, part 28: the guilty are judged and punished in Tartarus» of the books course of Mova's primary school, asked in stiff, formal language. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: [the test at school](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/school-run/books/522-pg22381-part28/#e4).

## The question {#question}

```conllu
# sent_id = question:books:522-pg22381-part28:e4:1
# text = What was the principal distinction between the Roman Orcus and the Greek Hades prior to the introduction of Greek mythology?
1	What	what	PRON	WP	PronType=Int	5	nsubj	_	_
2	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	5	cop	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
4	principal	principal	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	amod	_	_
5	distinction	distinction	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
6	between	between	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
8	Roman	roman	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	9	amod	_	_
9	Orcus	Orcus	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	5	nmod	_	_
10	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	13	cc	_	_
11	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	13	det	_	_
12	Greek	Greek	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	13	compound	_	_
13	Hades	Hade	PROPN	NNPS	Number=Plur	9	conj	_	_
14	prior	prior	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos|ExtPos=ADP	17	case	_	_
15	to	to	ADP	IN	_	14	fixed	_	_
16	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	17	det	_	_
17	introduction	introduction	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nmod	_	_
18	of	of	ADP	IN	_	20	case	_	_
19	Greek	Greek	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	20	amod	_	_
20	mythology	mythology	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	17	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
21	?	?	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | past |  | the principal distinction |  |  |  | between the Roman Orcus and the Greek Hades; prior the introduction of Greek mythology | tree rules |
| 2 | **introduce** |  |  | Greek mythology |  |  |  |  | nom introduction «act transitive»: of=patient |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## The options {#options}

### Option 1 · ← Mova's choice {#o1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Orcus was a dark cavity serving as a place of eternal rest for the good and also a prison for the wicked dead

<!-- fold The tree, 23 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = question:books:522-pg22381-part28:e4:o1:1
# text = Orcus was a dark cavity serving as a place of eternal rest for the good and also a prison for the wicked dead
1	Orcus	Orcus	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
2	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	5	cop	_	_
3	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
4	dark	dark	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	amod	_	_
5	cavity	cavity	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
6	serving	serve	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	5	acl	_	_
7	as	as	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
8	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	place	place	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	obl	_	_
10	of	of	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
11	eternal	eternal	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	12	amod	_	_
12	rest	rest	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	nmod	_	_
13	for	for	ADP	IN	_	15	case	_	_
14	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	15	det	_	_
15	good	good	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	obl	_	_
16	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	19	cc	_	_
17	also	also	ADV	RB	_	19	advmod	_	_
18	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	19	det	_	_
19	prison	prison	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	15	conj	_	_
20	for	for	ADP	IN	_	23	case	_	_
21	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	23	det	_	_
22	wicked	wicked	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	23	amod	_	_
23	dead	dead	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	obl	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | past | Orcus | a dark cavity |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **serve** | gerund | a dark cavity *not said here* |  |  |  |  | as a place of eternal rest; for the good and a prison; for the wicked dead | vn masquerade-29.6-2 «NP V PP.attribute»: agent=Agent as place=Attribute |

### Option 2 {#o2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Orcus was a dark cavity serving as a place of eternal rest, whereas Hades was ruled by a king who judged them

<!-- fold The tree, 22 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = question:books:522-pg22381-part28:e4:o2:1
# text = Orcus was a dark cavity serving as a place of eternal rest, whereas Hades was ruled by a king who judged them
1	Orcus	Orcus	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
2	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	5	cop	_	_
3	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
4	dark	dark	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	amod	_	_
5	cavity	cavity	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
6	serving	serve	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	5	acl	_	_
7	as	as	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
8	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	place	place	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	obl	_	_
10	of	of	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
11	eternal	eternal	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	12	amod	_	_
12	rest	rest	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	17	punct	_	_
14	whereas	whereas	SCONJ	IN	_	15	case	_	_
15	Hades	Hade	PROPN	NNPS	Number=Plur	17	nsubj:pass	_	_
16	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	17	aux:pass	_	_
17	ruled	rule	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	5	conj	_	_
18	by	by	ADP	IN	_	20	case	_	_
19	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	20	det	_	_
20	king	king	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	17	obl	_	_
21	who	who	PRON	WP	PronType=Rel	22	nsubj	_	_
22	judged	judge	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	20	acl:relcl	_	_
23	them	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	22	obj	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | past | Orcus | a dark cavity |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **serve** | gerund | a dark cavity *not said here* |  |  |  |  | as a place of eternal rest | vn masquerade-29.6-2 «NP V PP.attribute»: agent=Agent as place=Attribute |
| 3 | **rule** | past · passive | a king | Hades |  |  |  |  | vn dub-29.3.2 «NP V NP NP»: agent=Agent subject=Result |
| 4 | **judge** | past | a king | Hades *= hade* |  |  |  |  | vn estimate-34.2-1-1 «NP V NP.value»: agent=Agent they=Value |

### Option 3 {#o3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Orcus was a sunless pit used as a sacred burial vault

```conllu
# sent_id = question:books:522-pg22381-part28:e4:o3:1
# text = Orcus was a sunless pit used as a sacred burial vault
1	Orcus	Orcus	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
2	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	5	cop	_	_
3	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
4	sunless	sunless	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	amod	_	_
5	pit	pit	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
6	used	use	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	5	acl	_	_
7	as	as	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
8	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	11	det	_	_
9	sacred	sacred	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	11	amod	_	_
10	burial	burial	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	compound	_	_
11	vault	vault	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	obl	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | past | Orcus | a sunless pit |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **use** | participle |  | a sunless pit *not said here* |  |  |  | as a sacred burial vault | vn eat-39.1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |

### Option 4 · ✓ the right answer {#o4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Orcus was a dark cavity serving as a place of eternal rest

```conllu
# sent_id = question:books:522-pg22381-part28:e4:o4:1
# text = Orcus was a dark cavity serving as a place of eternal rest
1	Orcus	Orcus	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
2	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	5	cop	_	_
3	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
4	dark	dark	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	amod	_	_
5	cavity	cavity	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
6	serving	serve	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	5	acl	_	_
7	as	as	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
8	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	place	place	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	obl	_	_
10	of	of	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
11	eternal	eternal	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	12	amod	_	_
12	rest	rest	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	nmod	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | past | Orcus | a dark cavity |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **serve** | gerund | a dark cavity *not said here* |  |  |  |  | as a place of eternal rest | vn masquerade-29.6-2 «NP V PP.attribute»: agent=Agent as place=Attribute |

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**Text:** the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (`world/data/school/`), as the course runner gave them to the student. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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- ← previous: [Classical Myths, The Realm of the Dead…, exam 3](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/questions/books/522-pg22381-part28/e3/)
- next →: [Greek Myths, Night and Her Children, p…, test 1](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/questions/books/523-pg22381-part29/t1/)
- ↑ back to [Classical Myths, The Realm of the Dead, part 28: the guilty are judged and punished in Tartarus](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/questions/books/522-pg22381-part28/)