---
title: State the principal reason adduced by the engine-driver for the purs… — The Wind in the Willows, chapter VIII,… · tree and pragmatics
description: State the principal reason adduced by the engine-driver for the pursuers' advantage in speed. Exam question 2 of lesson 55 «The Wind in the Willows, chapter VIII, part 4: Toad's Adventures (the chase, the tunnel and the night wood)» of the books course of Mova's primary school, with the dependency t
---

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# Exam question 2 · The Wind in the Willows, chapter VIII, part 4: Toad's Adve…

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
State the principal reason adduced by the engine-driver for the pursuers' advantage in speed.

<!-- .vintro -->
**Mova's choice:** option 1 · **The right answer:** option 4 · wrong ✗ · **What happens:** adduce · **To what, where:** State principal reason, speed

<!-- .vabout -->
This is exam question 2 of lesson 55 «The Wind in the Willows, chapter VIII, part 4: Toad's Adventures (the chase, the tunnel and the night wood)» of the books course of Mova's primary school, asked in stiff, formal language. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: [the test at school](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/school-run/books/55-willows-ch8-part4-the-chase-and-the-tunnel/#e2).

## The question {#question}

```conllu
# sent_id = question:books:55-willows-ch8-part4-the-chase-and-the-tunnel:e2:1
# text = State the principal reason adduced by the engine-driver for the pursuers' advantage in speed.
1	State	state	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	compound	_	_
2	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
3	principal	principal	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	amod	_	_
4	reason	reason	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
5	adduced	adduce	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	4	acl	_	_
6	by	by	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
8	engine	engine	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	compound	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	8	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	driver	driver	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obl	_	_
11	for	for	ADP	IN	_	15	case	_	_
12	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	13	det	_	_
13	pursuers	pursuer	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	15	nmod:poss	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	'	's	PART	POS	_	13	case	_	_
15	advantage	advantage	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obl	_	_
16	in	in	ADP	IN	_	17	case	_	_
17	speed	speed	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
18	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **adduce** | participle |  | the State principal reason *not said here* |  | speed |  | by the engine driver; for the pursuers's advantage | tree rules |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## The options {#options}

### Option 1 · ← Mova's choice {#o1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Because they have a lighter load and a stronger crew of men

```conllu
# sent_id = question:books:55-willows-ch8-part4-the-chase-and-the-tunnel:e2:o1:1
# text = Because they have a lighter load and a stronger crew of men
1	Because	because	SCONJ	IN	_	3	mark	_	_
2	they	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	3	nsubj	_	_
3	have	have	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
5	lighter	light	ADJ	JJR	Degree=Cmp	6	amod	_	_
6	load	load	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	_
7	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	10	cc	_	_
8	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
9	stronger	strong	ADJ	JJR	Degree=Cmp	10	amod	_	_
10	crew	crew	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	conj	_	_
11	of	of	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
12	men	man	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	10	nmod	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **have** | present | they | a lighter load and a stronger crew of men |  |  |  |  | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent load=Patient |

### Option 2 {#o2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
That they were running light, possessing in addition the better engine, and a crew of seasoned stokers

<!-- fold The tree, 17 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = question:books:55-willows-ch8-part4-the-chase-and-the-tunnel:e2:o2:1
# text = That they were running light, possessing in addition the better engine, and a crew of seasoned stokers
1	That	that	DET	DT	Number=Sing|PronType=Dem	5	det	_	_
2	they	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	4	nsubj	_	_
3	were	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	4	aux	_	_
4	running	run	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	5	amod	_	_
5	light	light	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	7	punct	_	_
7	possessing	possess	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	5	acl	_	_
8	in	in	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
9	addition	addition	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	obl	_	_
10	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	12	det	_	_
11	better	good	ADJ	JJR	Degree=Cmp	12	amod	_	_
12	engine	engine	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	16	punct	_	_
14	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	16	cc	_	_
15	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	16	det	_	_
16	crew	crew	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	conj	_	_
17	of	of	ADP	IN	_	19	case	_	_
18	seasoned	seasoned	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	19	amod	_	_
19	stokers	stoker	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	16	nmod	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **run** | past · progressive | they |  |  |  |  |  | vn run-51.3.2-2-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 2 | **possess** | gerund | that running light and a crew of seasoned stokers *not said here* | the better engine |  | addition |  |  | vn own-100.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Pivot engine=Theme |

### Option 3 {#o3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
That their carriages were lighter, their boiler newer, their coal finer, and their drivers more daring than his

<!-- fold The tree, 18 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = question:books:55-willows-ch8-part4-the-chase-and-the-tunnel:e2:o3:1
# text = That their carriages were lighter, their boiler newer, their coal finer, and their drivers more daring than his
1	That	that	PRON	DT	Number=Sing|PronType=Dem	5	nsubj	_	_
2	their	their	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	3	nmod:poss	_	_
3	carriages	carriage	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	nsubj	_	_
4	were	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	5	cop	_	_
5	lighter	light	ADJ	JJR	Degree=Cmp	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	5	punct	_	_
7	their	their	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	8	nmod:poss	_	_
8	boiler	boiler	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
9	newer	new	ADJ	JJR	Degree=Cmp	5	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	13	punct	_	_
11	their	their	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	13	nmod:poss	_	_
12	coal	coal	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	13	compound	_	_
13	finer	finer	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	19	punct	_	_
15	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	19	cc	_	_
16	their	their	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	17	nmod:poss	_	_
17	drivers	driver	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	19	nsubj	_	_
18	more	more	ADV	RBR	Degree=Cmp	19	advmod	_	_
19	daring	dare	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	5	advcl	_	_
20	than	than	ADP	IN	_	21	case	_	_
21	his	his	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	19	obj	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | past | That |  |  |  |  | carriages's coal finer *obl*; light *property* | tree rules |
| 2 | **be** |  | That *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 3 | **dare** | gerund | carriages's drivers | his *= he* |  |  |  |  | vn urge-58.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent his=Recipient |

### Option 4 · ✓ the right answer {#o4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
That they were running light, possessing in addition the better engine

```conllu
# sent_id = question:books:55-willows-ch8-part4-the-chase-and-the-tunnel:e2:o4:1
# text = That they were running light, possessing in addition the better engine
1	That	that	PRON	DT	Number=Sing|PronType=Dem	4	nsubj	_	_
2	they	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	4	nsubj	_	_
3	were	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	4	aux	_	_
4	running	run	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	0	root	_	_
5	light	light	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	7	punct	_	_
7	possessing	possess	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	4	conj	_	_
8	in	in	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
9	addition	addition	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	obl	_	_
10	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	12	det	_	_
11	better	good	ADJ	JJR	Degree=Cmp	12	amod	_	_
12	engine	engine	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	obj	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **run** | past · progressive | That | light |  |  |  |  | vn run-51.3.2-2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Theme light=Trajectory |
| 2 | **possess** | gerund | That *not said here* | the better engine |  | addition |  |  | vn own-100.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Pivot engine=Theme |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (`world/data/school/`), as the course runner gave them to the student. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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- ← previous: [The Wind in the Willows, chapter VIII,…, exam 1](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/questions/books/55-willows-ch8-part4-the-chase-and-the-tunnel/e1/)
- next →: [The Wind in the Willows, chapter VIII,…, exam 3](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/questions/books/55-willows-ch8-part4-the-chase-and-the-tunnel/e3/)
- ↑ back to [The Wind in the Willows, chapter VIII, part 4: Toad's Adventures (the chase, the tunnel and the night wood)](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/questions/books/55-willows-ch8-part4-the-chase-and-the-tunnel/)