---
title: State, in accordance with established zoology, the customary method… — Just So Stories (Rudyard Kipling), 5:… · tree and pragmatics
description: State, in accordance with established zoology, the customary method of predation employed by the Nile crocodile. Exam question 4 of lesson 79 «Just So Stories (Rudyard Kipling), 5: The Elephant's Child, part 1 (What does the Crocodile have for dinner?)» of the books course of Mova's primary school, 
---

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# Exam question 4 · Just So Stories (Rudyard Kipling), 5: The Elephant's Child…

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
State, in accordance with established zoology, the customary method of predation employed by the Nile crocodile.

<!-- .vintro -->
**Mova's choice:** option 4 · **The right answer:** option 4 · right ✓ · **What happens:** establish, employ · **To what, where:** customary method

<!-- .vabout -->
This is exam question 4 of lesson 79 «Just So Stories (Rudyard Kipling), 5: The Elephant's Child, part 1 (What does the Crocodile have for dinner?)» of the books course of Mova's primary school, asked in stiff, formal language. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: [the test at school](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/school-run/books/79-justso-elephants-child-1/#e4).

## The question {#question}

```conllu
# sent_id = question:books:79-justso-elephants-child-1:e4:1
# text = State, in accordance with established zoology, the customary method of predation employed by the Nile crocodile.
1	State	state	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	4	punct	_	_
3	in	in	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
4	accordance	accordance	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	appos	_	_
5	with	with	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	established	establish	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	7	amod	_	_
7	zoology	zoology	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	11	punct	_	_
9	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	11	det	_	_
10	customary	customary	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	compound	_	_
11	method	method	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	appos	_	_
12	of	of	ADP	IN	_	13	case	_	_
13	predation	predation	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	nmod	_	_
14	employed	employ	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	11	acl	_	_
15	by	by	ADP	IN	_	18	case	_	_
16	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	18	det	_	_
17	Nile	Nile	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	18	compound	_	_
18	crocodile	crocodile	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	14	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
19	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **establish** | participle |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn indicate-78-1-1 «NP V NP to be NP»: agent=Pivot |
| 2 | **employ** | participle |  | the customary method of predation *not said here* |  |  |  | by the Nile crocodile | vn hire-13.5.3 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## The options {#options}

### Option 1 {#o1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Remaining motionless at the water's edge, ambushing animals that drink there, and sometimes climbing onto the banks to hunt birds in trees at dusk

<!-- fold The tree, 25 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = question:books:79-justso-elephants-child-1:e4:o1:1
# text = Remaining motionless at the water's edge, ambushing animals that drink there, and sometimes climbing onto the banks to hunt birds in trees at dusk
1	Remaining	remain	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	0	root	_	_
2	motionless	motionless	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	1	xcomp	_	_
3	at	at	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	water	water	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nmod:poss	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	's	's	PART	POS	_	5	case	_	_
7	edge	edge	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	9	punct	_	_
9	ambushing	ambush	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	1	conj	_	_
10	animals	animal	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	9	obj	_	_
11	that	that	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	12	nsubj	_	_
12	drink	drink	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	10	acl:relcl	_	_
13	there	there	ADV	RB	PronType=Dem	12	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	17	punct	_	_
15	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	17	cc	_	_
16	sometimes	sometimes	ADV	RB	PronType=Ind	17	advmod	_	_
17	climbing	climb	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	1	conj	_	_
18	onto	onto	ADP	IN	_	20	case	_	_
19	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	20	det	_	_
20	banks	bank	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	17	obl	_	_
21	to	to	PART	TO	_	22	mark	_	_
22	hunt	hunt	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	17	advcl	_	_
23	birds	bird	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	22	obj	_	_
24	in	in	ADP	IN	_	25	case	_	_
25	trees	tree	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	22	obl	_	_
26	at	at	ADP	IN	_	27	case	_	_
27	dusk	dusk	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	22	obl	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **remain** | gerund |  |  |  | the water's edge |  | motionless *property* | vn exist-47.1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme at edge=Location |
| 2 | **ambush** | gerund |  | animals |  |  |  |  | vn attack-60.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent animal=Patient |
| 3 | **drink** | present | animals |  |  | there |  |  | vn eat-39.1-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 4 | **climb** | gerund |  |  |  | the banks |  | sometimes *property* | vn run-51.3.2 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme onto bank=Trajectory |
| 5 | **hunt** | to-infinitive |  | birds |  | trees | dusk |  | vn hunt-35.1 «NP V NP PP.location»: agent=Agent bird=Theme in tree=Location |

### Option 2 {#o2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Digging burrows and hiding in them during the midday sun to catch small prey

```conllu
# sent_id = question:books:79-justso-elephants-child-1:e4:o2:1
# text = Digging burrows and hiding in them during the midday sun to catch small prey
1	Digging	dig	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	0	root	_	_
2	burrows	burrow	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	1	obj	_	_
3	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	4	cc	_	_
4	hiding	hide	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	1	conj	_	_
5	in	in	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
6	them	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	4	obl	_	_
7	during	during	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
8	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
9	midday	midday	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	compound	_	_
10	sun	sun	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	_
11	to	to	PART	TO	_	12	mark	_	_
12	catch	catch	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	1	advcl	_	_
13	small	small	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	14	amod	_	_
14	prey	prey	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	12	obj	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **dig** | gerund |  | burrows |  |  |  |  | vn poke-19-1-1-1 «NP V NP.theme»: agent=Agent burrow=Theme |
| 2 | **hide** | gerund |  |  |  |  | during the midday sun | in burrows *= burrow* | vn concealment-16-1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Agent in they=Location |
| 3 | **catch** | to-infinitive |  | small prey |  |  |  |  | vn get-13.5.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent prey=Theme |

### Option 3 {#o3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Remaining motionless at the water's edge and ambushing animals that drink, then dragging them under and drowning them in the river

<!-- fold The tree, 22 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = question:books:79-justso-elephants-child-1:e4:o3:1
# text = Remaining motionless at the water's edge and ambushing animals that drink, then dragging them under and drowning them in the river
1	Remaining	remain	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	0	root	_	_
2	motionless	motionless	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	1	xcomp	_	_
3	at	at	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	water	water	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nmod:poss	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	's	's	PART	POS	_	5	case	_	_
7	edge	edge	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obl	_	_
8	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	9	cc	_	_
9	ambushing	ambush	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	1	conj	_	_
10	animals	animal	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	9	obj	_	_
11	that	that	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	12	nsubj	_	_
12	drink	drink	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	10	acl:relcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	15	punct	_	_
14	then	then	ADV	RB	PronType=Dem	15	advmod	_	_
15	dragging	drag	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	1	conj	_	_
16	them	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	15	obj	_	_
17	under	under	ADP	IN	_	15	obl	_	_
18	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	19	cc	_	_
19	drowning	drown	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	1	conj	_	_
20	them	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	19	obj	_	_
21	in	in	ADP	IN	_	23	case	_	_
22	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	23	det	_	_
23	river	river	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	19	obl	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **remain** | gerund |  |  |  | the water's edge |  | motionless *property* | vn exist-47.1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme at edge=Location |
| 2 | **ambush** | gerund |  | animals |  |  |  |  | vn attack-60.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent animal=Patient |
| 3 | **drink** | present | animals |  |  |  |  |  | vn eat-39.1-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 4 | **drag** | gerund |  | animals *= animal* |  |  | then |  | vn carry-11.4 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent they=Theme |
| 5 | **drown** | gerund |  | animals *= animal* |  | the river |  |  | vn poison-42.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent they=Patient |

### Option 4 · ← Mova's choice · ✓ the right answer {#o4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Remaining motionless at the water's edge and ambushing animals that drink

```conllu
# sent_id = question:books:79-justso-elephants-child-1:e4:o4:1
# text = Remaining motionless at the water's edge and ambushing animals that drink
1	Remaining	remain	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	0	root	_	_
2	motionless	motionless	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	1	xcomp	_	_
3	at	at	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	water	water	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nmod:poss	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	's	's	PART	POS	_	5	case	_	_
7	edge	edge	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obl	_	_
8	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	9	cc	_	_
9	ambushing	ambush	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	1	conj	_	_
10	animals	animal	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	9	obj	_	_
11	that	that	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	12	nsubj	_	_
12	drink	drink	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	10	acl:relcl	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **remain** | gerund |  |  |  | the water's edge |  | motionless *property* | vn exist-47.1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme at edge=Location |
| 2 | **ambush** | gerund |  | animals |  |  |  |  | vn attack-60.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent animal=Patient |
| 3 | **drink** | present | animals |  |  |  |  |  | vn eat-39.1-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (`world/data/school/`), as the course runner gave them to the student. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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