---
title: ★★★ A friend says: «armadillos look like hedgehog plus tortoise, so… — Just So Stories, The Beginning of the… · tree and pragmatics
description: ★★★ A friend says: «armadillos look like hedgehog plus tortoise, so they must come from them.» What is wrong with that thinking? Test 17 · ★ of lesson 83 «Just So Stories, The Beginning of the Armadillos, part 2: swimming lessons, curling lessons, and a new name» of the books course of Mova's primar
---

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# Test 17 · ★ · Just So Stories, The Beginning of the Armadillos, part 2:…

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
★★★ A friend says: «armadillos look like hedgehog plus tortoise, so they must come from them.» What is wrong with that thinking?

<!-- .vintro -->
**Mova's choice:** option 2 · **The right answer:** option 2 · right ✓ · **Who acts:** ★, armadillos · **What happens:** say, look, come, be · **Speech:** someone speaks here

<!-- .vabout -->
This is test 17 · ★ of lesson 83 «Just So Stories, The Beginning of the Armadillos, part 2: swimming lessons, curling lessons, and a new name» of the books course of Mova's primary school. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: [the test at school](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/school-run/books/83-justso-armadillos-2-the-first-armadillo/#t17).

## The question {#question}

<!-- .note -->
*Sentence 1:* ★★★ A friend says: «armadillos look like hedgehog plus tortoise, so they must come from them.»

```conllu
# sent_id = question:books:83-justso-armadillos-2-the-first-armadillo:t17:1
# text = ★★★ A friend says: «armadillos look like hedgehog plus tortoise, so they must come from them.»
1	★	★	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	6	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	★	★	X	FW	Foreign=Yes	1	dep	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	★	★	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
4	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	friend	friend	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	nmod	_	_
6	says	say	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	10	punct	_	_
8	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	10	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	armadillos	armadillo	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	10	nsubj	_	_
10	look	look	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	ccomp	_	_
11	like	like	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
12	hedgehog	hedgehog	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	obl	_	_
13	plus	plus	CCONJ	CC	_	14	cc	_	_
14	tortoise	tortoise	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	12	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	19	punct	_	_
16	so	so	ADV	RB	_	19	advmod	_	_
17	they	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	19	nsubj	_	_
18	must	must	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	19	aux	_	_
19	come	come	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	10	conj	_	_
20	from	from	ADP	IN	_	21	case	_	_
21	them	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	19	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
22	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
23	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **say** *speech: assert* | present | ★ ★ a friend |  |  |  |  |  | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 2 | **look** *in a quote* | present | armadillos |  |  |  |  | like hedgehog plus tortoise | vn stimulus\_subject-30.4 «NP V PP.attribute»: agent=Stimulus |
| 3 | **come** *in a quote* | must | armadillos *= armadillo* |  |  |  |  | from hedgehog | vn escape-51.1-1 «NP V PP.initial\_location»: agent=Theme from they=Initial\_Location |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

<!-- .note -->
*Sentence 2:* What is wrong with that thinking?

```conllu
# sent_id = question:books:83-justso-armadillos-2-the-first-armadillo:t17:2
# text = What is wrong with that thinking?
1	What	what	PRON	WP	PronType=Int	3	nsubj	_	_
2	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	3	cop	_	_
3	wrong	wrong	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	_
4	with	with	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	that	that	DET	DT	Number=Sing|PronType=Dem	6	det	_	_
6	thinking	thinking	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	?	?	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | present |  |  |  |  |  | with that thinking; wrong *property* | tree rules |

## The options {#options}

### Option 1 {#o1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Armadillos come from hedgehogs, since they are both small and both have prickly backs

<!-- fold The tree, 14 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = question:books:83-justso-armadillos-2-the-first-armadillo:t17:o1:1
# text = Armadillos come from hedgehogs, since they are both small and both have prickly backs
1	Armadillos	armadillo	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	nsubj	_	_
2	come	come	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	from	from	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
4	hedgehogs	hedgehog	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	10	punct	_	_
6	since	since	SCONJ	IN	_	10	mark	_	_
7	they	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	10	nsubj	_	_
8	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	10	cop	_	_
9	both	both	ADV	RB	_	10	advmod	_	_
10	small	small	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	conj	_	_
11	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	13	cc	_	_
12	both	both	DET	DT	PronType=Tot	13	nsubj	_	_
13	have	have	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	2	conj	_	_
14	prickly	prickly	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	15	amod	_	_
15	backs	back	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	13	obj	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **come** | present | Armadillos |  |  |  |  | from hedgehogs | vn escape-51.1-1 «NP V PP.initial\_location»: agent=Theme from hedgehog=Initial\_Location |
| 2 | **is** | present | Armadillos *= armadillo* |  |  |  |  | both, small *property* | tree rules |
| 3 | **have** | present | both | prickly backs |  |  |  |  | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent back=Patient |

### Option 2 · ← Mova's choice · ✓ the right answer {#o2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Looking alike does not prove two animals are related; armadillos are a separate family of mammals

<!-- fold The tree, 16 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = question:books:83-justso-armadillos-2-the-first-armadillo:t17:o2:1
# text = Looking alike does not prove two animals are related; armadillos are a separate family of mammals
1	Looking	look	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	5	csubj	_	_
2	alike	alike	ADV	RB	_	1	advmod	_	_
3	does	do	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	aux	_	_
4	not	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	5	advmod	_	_
5	prove	prove	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	0	root	_	_
6	two	two	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	7	nummod	_	_
7	animals	animal	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	9	nsubj	_	_
8	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	9	cop	_	_
9	related	related	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	ccomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	;	;	PUNCT	:	_	15	punct	_	_
11	armadillos	armadillo	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	15	nsubj	_	_
12	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	15	cop	_	_
13	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	15	det	_	_
14	separate	separate	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	15	amod	_	_
15	family	family	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obl	_	_
16	of	of	ADP	IN	_	17	case	_	_
17	mammals	mammal	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	15	nmod	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **look** | gerund |  |  |  |  |  | alike *property* | vn stimulus\_subject-30.4 «NP V PP.attribute»: agent=Stimulus |
| 2 | **not** **prove** | present · do-support | Looking |  |  |  |  |  | vn declare-29.4-1-1 «NP V what S\_INF»: agent=Agent |
| 3 | **is** | present | two animals |  |  |  |  | related *property* | tree rules |
| 4 | **is a** | present | armadillos | a separate family |  |  |  | of mammals | tree rules |

### Option 3 {#o3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
It is true, they are cousins

```conllu
# sent_id = question:books:83-justso-armadillos-2-the-first-armadillo:t17:o3:1
# text = It is true, they are cousins
1	It	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	3	nsubj	_	_
2	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	3	cop	_	_
3	true	true	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	7	punct	_	_
5	they	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	7	nsubj	_	_
6	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	7	cop	_	_
7	cousins	cousin	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	parataxis	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | present | It |  |  |  |  | true *property* | tree rules |
| 2 | **is a** | present | they | cousins |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

### Option 4 {#o4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Armadillos are closely related to hedgehogs, since both have spines and bony plates

```conllu
# sent_id = question:books:83-justso-armadillos-2-the-first-armadillo:t17:o4:1
# text = Armadillos are closely related to hedgehogs, since both have spines and bony plates
1	Armadillos	armadillo	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	nsubj	_	_
2	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	cop	_	_
3	closely	closely	ADV	RB	_	4	advmod	_	_
4	related	related	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	_
5	to	to	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
6	hedgehogs	hedgehog	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	10	punct	_	_
8	since	since	SCONJ	IN	_	10	mark	_	_
9	both	both	DET	DT	PronType=Tot	10	nsubj	_	_
10	have	have	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	conj	_	_
11	spines	spine	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	10	obj	_	_
12	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	14	cc	_	_
13	bony	bony	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	14	amod	_	_
14	plates	plate	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	11	conj	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | present | Armadillos |  |  |  |  | to hedgehogs; closely, related *property* | tree rules |
| 2 | **have** | present | both | spines and bony plates |  |  |  |  | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent spine=Patient |

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**Text:** the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (`world/data/school/`), as the course runner gave them to the student. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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- ← previous: [Just So Stories, The Beginning of the…, test 16](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/questions/books/83-justso-armadillos-2-the-first-armadillo/t16/)
- next →: [Just So Stories, The Beginning of the…, exam 1](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/questions/books/83-justso-armadillos-2-the-first-armadillo/e1/)
- ↑ back to [Just So Stories, The Beginning of the Armadillos, part 2: swimming lessons, curling lessons, and a new name](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/questions/books/83-justso-armadillos-2-the-first-armadillo/)