---
title: With reference to the text, what is the principal cause of the sand-… — Jurgen, Jurgen, part 175: a boy rides… · tree and pragmatics
description: With reference to the text, what is the principal cause of the sand-dunes' inland advance, as explained by the local inhabitants? Exam question 2 of lesson 964 «Jurgen, Jurgen, part 175: a boy rides to a funeral, then sails out and sees a Spanish city» of the books course of Mova's primary school, w
---

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# Exam question 2 · Jurgen, Jurgen, part 175: a boy rides to a funeral, then s…

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
With reference to the text, what is the principal cause of the sand-dunes' inland advance, as explained by the local inhabitants?

<!-- .vintro -->
**Mova's choice:** option 1 · **The right answer:** option 2 · wrong ✗ · **Who acts:** reference, sand dunes · **What happens:** be, explain, advance · **To what, where:** principal cause, inland advance

<!-- .vabout -->
This is exam question 2 of lesson 964 «Jurgen, Jurgen, part 175: a boy rides to a funeral, then sails out and sees a Spanish city» of the books course of Mova's primary school, asked in stiff, formal language. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: [the test at school](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/school-run/books/964-pg27200-part175/#e2).

## The question {#question}

```conllu
# sent_id = question:books:964-pg27200-part175:e2:1
# text = With reference to the text, what is the principal cause of the sand-dunes' inland advance, as explained by the local inhabitants?
1	With	with	ADP	IN	_	2	case	_	_
2	reference	reference	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
3	to	to	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	text	text	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	11	punct	_	_
7	what	what	PRON	WP	PronType=Int	11	nsubj	_	_
8	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	11	cop	_	_
9	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	11	det	_	_
10	principal	principal	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	11	amod	_	_
11	cause	cause	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	conj	_	_
12	of	of	ADP	IN	_	19	case	_	_
13	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	16	det	_	_
14	sand	sand	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	16	compound	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	14	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	dunes	dune	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	19	nmod:poss	_	SpaceAfter=No
17	'	's	PART	POS	_	16	case	_	_
18	inland	inland	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	19	amod	_	_
19	advance	advance	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
20	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	22	punct	_	_
21	as	as	SCONJ	IN	_	22	mark	_	_
22	explained	explain	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	19	acl	_	_
23	by	by	ADP	IN	_	26	case	_	_
24	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	26	det	_	_
25	local	local	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	26	amod	_	_
26	inhabitants	inhabitant	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	22	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
27	?	?	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | reference to the text and the principal cause | the principal cause |  |  |  | of the sand dunes's inland advance | tree rules |
| 2 | **explain** *speech: assert* | participle |  | the sand dunes's inland advance *not said here* |  |  |  | by the local inhabitants | vn transfer\_mesg-37.1.1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 3 | **advance** |  | the sand dunes |  |  |  |  |  | nom advance «event intransitive»: poss=agent |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## The options {#options}

### Option 1 · ← Mova's choice {#o1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The disturbed burial of a sailor whose body was then carried back to the ocean by oxen over the heath.

<!-- fold The tree, 20 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = question:books:964-pg27200-part175:e2:o1:1
# text = The disturbed burial of a sailor whose body was then carried back to the ocean by oxen over the heath.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	disturbed	disturb	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	3	amod	_	_
3	burial	burial	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	nsubj:pass	_	_
4	of	of	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	sailor	sailor	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nmod	_	_
7	whose	whose	PRON	WP$	Poss=Yes|PronType=Rel	8	nmod:poss	_	_
8	body	body	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	conj	_	_
9	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	11	aux:pass	_	_
10	then	then	ADV	RB	PronType=Dem	11	advmod	_	_
11	carried	carry	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
12	back	back	ADV	RB	_	11	advmod	_	_
13	to	to	ADP	IN	_	15	case	_	_
14	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	15	det	_	_
15	ocean	ocean	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	obl	_	_
16	by	by	ADP	IN	_	17	case	_	_
17	oxen	ox	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	11	obl	_	_
18	over	over	ADP	IN	_	20	case	_	_
19	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	20	det	_	_
20	heath	heath	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
21	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	11	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **disturb** | participle |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn amuse-31.1 «NP V ADV-Middle»: agent=Experiencer |
| 2 | **carry back** | past · passive | oxen | the disturbed burial of a sailor and a sailor and body's body |  | the heath | then | to the ocean | vn carry-11.4 «NP V NP PP.destination»: agent=Agent subject=Theme to ocean=Destination |
| 3 | **bury** |  |  | a sailor and a sailor and a sailor's body's body |  |  |  |  | nom burial «event transitive»: of=patient |

### Option 2 · ✓ the right answer {#o2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The disturbed burial of a sailor whose body was then carried back to the ocean.

<!-- fold The tree, 15 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = question:books:964-pg27200-part175:e2:o2:1
# text = The disturbed burial of a sailor whose body was then carried back to the ocean.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	disturbed	disturb	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	3	amod	_	_
3	burial	burial	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	nsubj:pass	_	_
4	of	of	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	sailor	sailor	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nmod	_	_
7	whose	whose	PRON	WP$	Poss=Yes|PronType=Rel	8	nmod:poss	_	_
8	body	body	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	conj	_	_
9	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	11	aux:pass	_	_
10	then	then	ADV	RB	PronType=Dem	11	advmod	_	_
11	carried	carry	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
12	back	back	ADV	RB	_	11	advmod	_	_
13	to	to	ADP	IN	_	15	case	_	_
14	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	15	det	_	_
15	ocean	ocean	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	11	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **disturb** | participle |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn amuse-31.1 «NP V ADV-Middle»: agent=Experiencer |
| 2 | **carry back** | past · passive |  | the disturbed burial of a sailor and a sailor and body's body |  | the ocean | then |  | vn carry-11.4 «NP V NP PP.destination»: subject=Theme to ocean=Destination |
| 3 | **bury** |  |  | a sailor and a sailor and a sailor's body's body |  |  |  |  | nom burial «event transitive»: of=patient |

### Option 3 {#o3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The disturbed burial of a sailor, after which the peasants buried the body again in the sand near the coast.

<!-- fold The tree, 20 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = question:books:964-pg27200-part175:e2:o3:1
# text = The disturbed burial of a sailor, after which the peasants buried the body again in the sand near the coast.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	disturbed	disturb	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	3	amod	_	_
3	burial	burial	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	12	nsubj	_	_
4	of	of	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	sailor	sailor	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	12	punct	_	_
8	after	after	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
9	which	which	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	12	obl	_	_
10	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	11	det	_	_
11	peasants	peasant	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	12	nsubj	_	_
12	buried	bury	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
13	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	14	det	_	_
14	body	body	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	12	obj	_	_
15	again	again	ADV	RB	_	12	advmod	_	_
16	in	in	ADP	IN	_	18	case	_	_
17	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	18	det	_	_
18	sand	sand	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	12	obl	_	_
19	near	near	ADP	IN	_	21	case	_	_
20	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	21	det	_	_
21	coast	coast	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	12	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
22	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	12	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **disturb** | participle |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn amuse-31.1 «NP V ADV-Middle»: agent=Experiencer |
| 2 | **bury** | past | the disturbed burial of a sailor | the body |  | the sand | again | near the coast | vn put-9.1-1 «NP V NP PP.destination»: agent=Agent body=Theme in sand=Destination |
| 3 | **bury** |  |  | a sailor |  |  |  |  | nom burial «event transitive»: of=patient |

### Option 4 {#o4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The neglect of the old dunes by the villagers.

```conllu
# sent_id = question:books:964-pg27200-part175:e2:o4:1
# text = The neglect of the old dunes by the villagers.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	neglect	neglect	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
3	of	of	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
5	old	old	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	dunes	dune	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	nmod	_	_
7	by	by	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
8	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	villagers	villager	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **neglect** |  |  | the old dunes by the villagers |  |  |  |  | nom neglect «cognition transitive»: of=patient |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (`world/data/school/`), as the course runner gave them to the student. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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