---
title: Which of the following statements most accurately characterises the… — Author's choices: why this word, why t… · tree and pragmatics
description: Which of the following statements most accurately characterises the function of italic type in the sentence «*Don't look back,* she told herself»? Exam question 2 of lesson 21 «Author's choices: why this word, why this way» of the English course of Mova's primary school, with the dependency tree and
---

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# Exam question 2 · Author's choices: why this word, why this way

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Which of the following statements most accurately characterises the function of italic type in the sentence «\*Don't look back,\* she told herself»?

<!-- .vintro -->
**Mova's choice:** option 4 · **The right answer:** option 4 · right ✓ · **Who acts:** she · **What happens:** follow, characteris, not look back, tell · **To what, where:** function, sentence, herself · **Speech:** someone speaks here

<!-- .vabout -->
This is exam question 2 of lesson 21 «Author's choices: why this word, why this way» of the English course of Mova's primary school, asked in stiff, formal language. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: [the test at school](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/school-run/english/21-authors-choices-why-this-word-why-this-way/#e2).

## The question {#question}

```conllu
# sent_id = question:english:21-authors-choices-why-this-word-why-this-way:e2:1
# text = Which of the following statements most accurately characterises the function of italic type in the sentence «*Don't look back,* she told herself»?
1	Which	which	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	8	nsubj	_	_
2	of	of	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
4	following	follow	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	5	amod	_	_
5	statements	statement	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	1	nmod	_	_
6	most	most	ADV	RBS	Degree=Sup	7	advmod	_	_
7	accurately	accurately	ADV	RB	_	8	advmod	_	_
8	characterises	characteris	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
9	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
10	function	function	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	obj	_	_
11	of	of	ADP	IN	_	13	case	_	_
12	italic	italic	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	13	amod	_	_
13	type	type	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	nmod	_	_
14	in	in	ADP	IN	_	16	case	_	_
15	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	16	det	_	_
16	sentence	sentence	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	obl	_	_
17	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	21	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
18	*	*	PUNCT	NFP	_	21	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
19	Do	do	AUX	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	21	aux	_	SpaceAfter=No
20	n't	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	21	advmod	_	_
21	look	look	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	8	parataxis	_	_
22	back	back	ADV	RB	_	21	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
23	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	26	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
24	*	*	PUNCT	NFP	_	26	punct	_	_
25	she	she	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	26	nsubj	_	_
26	told	tell	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	21	parataxis	_	_
27	herself	herself	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs|Reflex=Yes	26	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
28	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	21	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
29	?	?	PUNCT	.	_	8	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **follow** | gerund |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn occur-48.3-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 2 | **characteris** | present |  | the function of italic type |  | the sentence |  | accurately *property* | tree rules |
| 3 | **not** **look back** *in a quote* | infinitive · do-support |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn stimulus\_subject-30.4 «NP V PP.attribute»: agent=Stimulus |
| 4 | **tell** *speech: assert* *in a quote* | past | she | herself *= she* |  |  |  |  | vn transfer\_mesg-37.1.1-1-1 «NP V NP.recipient»: agent=Agent herself=Recipient |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## The options {#options}

### Option 1 {#o1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
It denotes that the words are borrowed from a foreign language and should be pronounced accordingly

<!-- fold The tree, 16 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = question:english:21-authors-choices-why-this-word-why-this-way:e2:o1:1
# text = It denotes that the words are borrowed from a foreign language and should be pronounced accordingly
1	It	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	denotes	denote	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	that	that	SCONJ	IN	_	7	mark	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	words	word	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	7	nsubj:pass	_	_
6	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	7	aux:pass	_	_
7	borrowed	borrow	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	2	advcl	_	_
8	from	from	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
9	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	11	det	_	_
10	foreign	foreign	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	11	amod	_	_
11	language	language	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	obl	_	_
12	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	15	cc	_	_
13	should	should	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	15	aux	_	_
14	be	be	AUX	VB	VerbForm=Inf	15	aux:pass	_	_
15	pronounced	pronounce	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	7	conj	_	_
16	accordingly	accordingly	ADV	RB	_	15	advmod	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **denote** | present | It |  |  |  |  |  | vn indicate-78 «NP V how S»: agent=Pivot |
| 2 | **borrow** | present · passive |  | the words |  | a foreign language |  |  | vn obtain-13.5.2 «NP V NP PP.source»: subject=Theme from language=Source |
| 3 | **pronounce** | should · passive |  |  |  |  |  | accordingly *property* | vn dub-29.3.2 «NP V NP» |

### Option 2 {#o2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
It denotes shouting

```conllu
# sent_id = question:english:21-authors-choices-why-this-word-why-this-way:e2:o2:1
# text = It denotes shouting
1	It	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	denotes	denote	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	shouting	shout	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	2	xcomp	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **denote** | present | It |  |  |  |  |  | vn indicate-78 «NP V how S»: agent=Pivot clause=Topic |
| 2 | **shout** *speech: express* | gerund |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn manner\_speaking-37.3 «NP V»: agent=Agent |

### Option 3 {#o3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
It denotes an error

```conllu
# sent_id = question:english:21-authors-choices-why-this-word-why-this-way:e2:o3:1
# text = It denotes an error
1	It	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	denotes	denote	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	an	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	error	error	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **denote** | present | It | a error |  |  |  |  | vn indicate-78 «NP V NP»: agent=Pivot error=Topic |

### Option 4 · ← Mova's choice · ✓ the right answer {#o4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
It denotes the character's private thoughts

```conllu
# sent_id = question:english:21-authors-choices-why-this-word-why-this-way:e2:o4:1
# text = It denotes the character's private thoughts
1	It	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	denotes	denote	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	character	character	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nmod:poss	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	's	's	PART	POS	_	4	case	_	_
6	private	private	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	_
7	thoughts	thought	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obj	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **denote** | present | It | the character's private thoughts |  |  |  |  | vn indicate-78 «NP V NP»: agent=Pivot thought=Topic |
| 2 | **think** |  | the character |  |  |  |  |  | nom thought «cognition transitive»: poss=agent |

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**Text:** the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (`world/data/school/`), as the course runner gave them to the student. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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