---
title: Select the definition consistent with established usage of the term… — Standard English and dialect: "we was"… · tree and pragmatics
description: Select the definition consistent with established usage of the term "code-switching". Exam question 3 of lesson 38 «Standard English and dialect: "we was" in talk, "we were" in writing» of the English course of Mova's primary school, with the dependency tree and pragmatics of the question and of eac
---

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# Exam question 3 · Standard English and dialect: "we was" in talk, "we were"…

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Select the definition consistent with established usage of the term "code-switching".

<!-- .vintro -->
**Mova's choice:** option 1 · **The right answer:** option 1 · right ✓ · **Who acts:** you · **What happens:** select, establish, use · **To what, where:** definition, term

<!-- .vabout -->
This is exam question 3 of lesson 38 «Standard English and dialect: "we was" in talk, "we were" in writing» of the English course of Mova's primary school, asked in stiff, formal language. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: [the test at school](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/school-run/english/38-standard-english-and-dialect-we-was-and-we-were/#e3).

## The question {#question}

```conllu
# sent_id = question:english:38-standard-english-and-dialect-we-was-and-we-were:e3:1
# text = Select the definition consistent with established usage of the term "code-switching".
1	Select	select	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
2	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
3	definition	definition	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obj	_	_
4	consistent	consistent	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	1	xcomp	_	_
5	with	with	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	established	establish	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	7	amod	_	_
7	usage	usage	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	_
8	of	of	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
9	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
10	term	term	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nmod	_	_
11	"	"	PUNCT	``	_	14	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	code	code	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	14	compound	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	14	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	switching	switching	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	appos	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	"	"	PUNCT	''	_	14	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **select** | imperative | you *not said here* | the definition |  |  |  | consistent *property* | vn obtain-13.5.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent definition=Theme |
| 2 | **establish** | participle |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn indicate-78-1-1 «NP V NP to be NP»: agent=Pivot |
| 3 | **use** |  |  | the term |  |  |  |  | nom usage «act transitive»: of=patient |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## The options {#options}

### Option 1 · ← Mova's choice · ✓ the right answer {#o1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The alteration of one's manner of speech according to audience and situation

```conllu
# sent_id = question:english:38-standard-english-and-dialect-we-was-and-we-were:e3:o1:1
# text = The alteration of one's manner of speech according to audience and situation
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	alteration	alteration	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
3	of	of	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
4	one	one	PRON	PRP	Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	6	nmod:poss	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	's	's	PART	POS	_	4	case	_	_
6	manner	manner	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nmod	_	_
7	of	of	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
8	speech	speech	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nmod	_	_
9	according	accord	VERB	VBG	ExtPos=ADP|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	11	case	_	_
10	to	to	ADP	IN	_	9	fixed	_	_
11	audience	audience	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	nmod	_	_
12	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	13	cc	_	_
13	situation	situation	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	conj	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **accord** | gerund |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn future\_having-13.3 «NP V NP.theme (PP)»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **alter** |  |  | one's manner of speech accord audience and situation |  |  |  |  | nom alteration «event transitive»: of=patient |

### Option 2 {#o2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The replacement of letters by numerals

```conllu
# sent_id = question:english:38-standard-english-and-dialect-we-was-and-we-were:e3:o2:1
# text = The replacement of letters by numerals
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	replacement	replacement	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
3	of	of	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
4	letters	letter	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	nmod	_	_
5	by	by	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
6	numerals	numeral	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	nmod	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **replace** |  | numerals | letters |  |  |  |  | nom replacement «act transitive»: of=patient by=agent |

### Option 3 {#o3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The encryption of messages by means of a cipher

```conllu
# sent_id = question:english:38-standard-english-and-dialect-we-was-and-we-were:e3:o3:1
# text = The encryption of messages by means of a cipher
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	encryption	encryption	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nsubj	_	_
3	of	of	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
4	messages	message	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	nmod	_	_
5	by	by	ADP	IN	_	4	nmod	_	_
6	means	mean	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
7	of	of	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
8	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	cipher	cipher	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	obl	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **mean** | present | the encryption of messages |  |  |  |  | of a cipher | vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **encrypt** |  |  | messages |  |  |  |  | nom encryption «act transitive»: of=patient |

### Option 4 {#o4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The translation of English into a foreign language

```conllu
# sent_id = question:english:38-standard-english-and-dialect-we-was-and-we-were:e3:o4:1
# text = The translation of English into a foreign language
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	translation	translation	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
3	of	of	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
4	English	English	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	2	nmod	_	_
5	into	into	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
6	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
7	foreign	foreign	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	amod	_	_
8	language	language	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nmod	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **translate** |  | English |  |  | a foreign language |  |  | nom translation «communication intransitive»: of=agent into=place |

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**Text:** the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (`world/data/school/`), as the course runner gave them to the student. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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- ← previous: [Standard English and dialect: "we was"…, exam 2](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/questions/english/38-standard-english-and-dialect-we-was-and-we-were/e2/)
- next →: [Standard English and dialect: "we was"…, exam 4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/questions/english/38-standard-english-and-dialect-we-was-and-we-were/e4/)
- ↑ back to [Standard English and dialect: "we was" in talk, "we were" in writing](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/questions/english/38-standard-english-and-dialect-we-was-and-we-were/)