---
title: Your mate says, "Swahili's like English, you just stick an -s on, in… — Olympiad: real languages and codes · tree and pragmatics
description: Your mate says, "Swahili's like English, you just stick an -s on, innit: mtotos." Put him right. Test 1 · ★★★ of lesson 59 «Olympiad: real languages and codes» of the English course of Mova's primary school, with the dependency tree and pragmatics of the question and of each option; Mova's choice wa
---

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# Test 1 · ★★★ · Olympiad: real languages and codes

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Your mate says, "Swahili's like English, you just stick an -s on, innit: mtotos." Put him right.

<!-- .vintro -->
**Mova's choice:** option 2 · **The right answer:** option 2 · right ✓ · **Who acts:** mate, Swahili, you · **What happens:** say, be, stick, put · **To what, where:** -s, Swahili · **Speech:** someone speaks here

<!-- .vabout -->
This is test 1 · ★★★ of lesson 59 «Olympiad: real languages and codes» of the English course of Mova's primary school. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: [the test at school](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/school-run/english/59-olympiad-real-languages-and-codes/#t1).

## The question {#question}

<!-- .note -->
*Sentence 1:* Your mate says, "Swahili's like English, you just stick an -s on, innit: mtotos."

```conllu
# sent_id = question:english:59-olympiad-real-languages-and-codes:t1:1
# text = Your mate says, "Swahili's like English, you just stick an -s on, innit: mtotos."
1	Your	your	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Person=2|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	2	nmod:poss	_	_
2	mate	mate	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	says	say	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	9	punct	_	_
5	"	"	PUNCT	``	_	9	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	Swahili	Swahili	PROPN	NNP	_	9	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	's	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	9	cop	_	_
8	like	like	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
9	English	English	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	3	ccomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	13	punct	_	_
11	you	you	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Person=2|PronType=Prs	13	nsubj	_	_
12	just	just	ADV	RB	_	13	advmod	_	_
13	stick	stick	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=2|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	3	ccomp	_	_
14	an	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	15	det	_	_
15	-s	-s	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	13	obj	_	_
16	on	on	ADV	RB	_	13	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
17	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	18	punct	_	_
18	innit	innit	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	13	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
19	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	20	punct	_	_
20	mtotos	mtoto	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	18	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
21	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	13	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
22	"	"	PUNCT	''	_	13	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **say** *speech: assert* | present | Your mate |  |  |  |  |  | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 2 | **is** *in a quote* | present | Swahili |  |  |  |  | like English | tree rules |
| 3 | **stick** *in a quote* | present | you | a -s |  |  |  | innit and mtotos *obl* | vn spray-9.7-1 «NP V NP.theme»: agent=Agent -s=Theme |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

<!-- .note -->
*Sentence 2:* Put him right.

```conllu
# sent_id = question:english:59-olympiad-real-languages-and-codes:t1:2
# text = Put him right.
1	Put	put	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
2	him	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	1	obj	_	_
3	right	right	ADV	RB	_	1	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **put** | imperative | you *not said here* |  | Swahili |  |  | right *property* | vn invest-13.5.4-1 «NP V PP»: agent=Agent he=Goal |

## The options {#options}

### Option 1 {#o1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
It adds wa- in front: wamtoto

```conllu
# sent_id = question:english:59-olympiad-real-languages-and-codes:t1:o1:1
# text = It adds wa- in front: wamtoto
1	It	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	adds	add	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	wa	wa	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	3	punct	_	_
5	in	in	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
6	front	front	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	8	punct	_	_
8	wamtoto	wamtoto	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	conj	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **add** *speech: assert* | present | It | wa |  | front and wamtoto |  |  | vn mix-22.1-2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent wa=Patient |

### Option 2 · ← Mova's choice · ✓ the right answer {#o2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Swahili changes the start: watoto

```conllu
# sent_id = question:english:59-olympiad-real-languages-and-codes:t1:o2:1
# text = Swahili changes the start: watoto
1	Swahili	Swahili	PROPN	NNP	_	2	nsubj	_	_
2	changes	change	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	start	start	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	6	punct	_	_
6	watoto	watoto	X	FW	Foreign=Yes	2	obj	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **change** | present | Swahili | the start |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

### Option 3 {#o3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
It is made by doubling: mtoto-mtoto

```conllu
# sent_id = question:english:59-olympiad-real-languages-and-codes:t1:o3:1
# text = It is made by doubling: mtoto-mtoto
1	It	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	3	nsubj:pass	_	_
2	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	3	aux:pass	_	_
3	made	make	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
4	by	by	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
5	doubling	doubling	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	9	punct	_	_
7	mtoto	mtoto	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	compound	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	7	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	mtoto	mtoto	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **make** | present · passive | doubling | It |  |  |  | mtoto mtoto *obl* | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset subject=Product |

### Option 4 {#o4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
He is right: the plural is mtotos

```conllu
# sent_id = question:english:59-olympiad-real-languages-and-codes:t1:o4:1
# text = He is right: the plural is mtotos
1	He	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	3	nsubj	_	_
2	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	3	cop	_	_
3	right	right	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	8	punct	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	plural	plural	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	nsubj	_	_
7	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	8	cop	_	_
8	mtotos	mtoto	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obl	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | present | He |  |  |  |  | right *property* | tree rules |
| 2 | **is a** | present | the plural | mtotos |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

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**Text:** the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (`world/data/school/`), as the course runner gave them to the student. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

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