---
title: Which of the following statements most accurately characterises the… — Reasoning about the body moving in the… · tree and pragmatics
description: Which of the following statements most accurately characterises the phenomenon whereby passengers lurch forward when a vehicle brakes abruptly? Exam question 1 of lesson 10 «Reasoning about the body moving in the world» of the everyday course of Mova's primary school, with the dependency tree and pr
---

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# Exam question 1 · Reasoning about the body moving in the world

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Which of the following statements most accurately characterises the phenomenon whereby passengers lurch forward when a vehicle brakes abruptly?

<!-- .vintro -->
**Mova's choice:** option 1 · **The right answer:** option 1 · right ✓ · **Who acts:** passengers, vehicle · **What happens:** follow, characteris, lurch, brake · **To what, where:** phenomenon

<!-- .vabout -->
This is exam question 1 of lesson 10 «Reasoning about the body moving in the world» of the everyday course of Mova's primary school, asked in stiff, formal language. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: [the test at school](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/school-run/everyday/10-reasoning-about-the-moving-body/#e1).

## The question {#question}

```conllu
# sent_id = question:everyday:10-reasoning-about-the-moving-body:e1:1
# text = Which of the following statements most accurately characterises the phenomenon whereby passengers lurch forward when a vehicle brakes abruptly?
1	Which	which	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	8	nsubj	_	_
2	of	of	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
4	following	follow	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	5	amod	_	_
5	statements	statement	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	8	obl	_	_
6	most	most	ADV	RBS	Degree=Sup	7	advmod	_	_
7	accurately	accurately	ADV	RB	_	8	advmod	_	_
8	characterises	characteris	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	13	advcl	_	_
9	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
10	phenomenon	phenomenon	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	obj	_	_
11	whereby	whereby	ADV	WRB	PronType=Int	13	advmod	_	_
12	passengers	passenger	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	13	nsubj	_	_
13	lurch	lurch	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
14	forward	forward	ADV	RB	_	13	advmod	_	_
15	when	when	SCONJ	WRB	_	18	mark	_	_
16	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	17	det	_	_
17	vehicle	vehicle	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	18	nsubj	_	_
18	brakes	brake	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	13	advcl	_	_
19	abruptly	abruptly	ADV	RB	_	18	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
20	?	?	PUNCT	.	_	13	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **follow** | gerund |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn occur-48.3-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 2 | **characteris** | present |  | the phenomenon |  |  |  | of the following statements; accurately *property* | tree rules |
| 3 | **lurch** | present | passengers |  |  |  |  | forward, whereby *property* | vn run-51.3.2 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 4 | **brake** | present | a vehicle |  |  |  |  | abruptly *property* | tree rules |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## The options {#options}

### Option 1 · ← Mova's choice · ✓ the right answer {#o1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A body in motion continues to move until a force retards or arrests it

```conllu
# sent_id = question:everyday:10-reasoning-about-the-moving-body:e1:o1:1
# text = A body in motion continues to move until a force retards or arrests it
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	body	body	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
3	in	in	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
4	motion	motion	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nmod	_	_
5	continues	continue	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
6	to	to	PART	TO	_	7	mark	_	_
7	move	move	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	5	xcomp	_	_
8	until	until	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
9	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
10	force	force	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	compound	_	_
11	retards	retard	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	7	obl	_	_
12	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	13	cc	_	_
13	arrests	arrest	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	11	conj	_	_
14	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	7	obj	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **continue** | present | a body in motion |  |  |  |  |  | vn continue-55.3 «NP V S\_INF»: agent=Agent clause=Eventuality |
| 2 | **move** | to-infinitive | a body in motion *not said here* | body |  |  | until force retards or arrests |  | vn roll-51.3.1 «NP V NP.theme»: agent=Agent it=Theme |

### Option 2 {#o2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The brakes exert a force pushing the passengers forward

```conllu
# sent_id = question:everyday:10-reasoning-about-the-moving-body:e1:o2:1
# text = The brakes exert a force pushing the passengers forward
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	brakes	brake	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	nsubj	_	_
3	exert	exert	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	force	force	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	_
6	pushing	push	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	5	acl	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	passengers	passenger	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	obj	_	_
9	forward	forward	ADV	RB	_	6	advmod	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **exert** | infinitive | the brakes | a force |  |  |  |  | vn use-105.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent force=Theme |
| 2 | **push** | gerund | a force *not said here* | the passengers |  |  |  | forward *property* | vn carry-11.4-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent passenger=Theme |

### Option 3 {#o3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The air within the vehicle propels the passengers

```conllu
# sent_id = question:everyday:10-reasoning-about-the-moving-body:e1:o3:1
# text = The air within the vehicle propels the passengers
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	air	air	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nsubj	_	_
3	within	within	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	vehicle	vehicle	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nmod	_	_
6	propels	propel	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	passengers	passenger	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	obj	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **propel** | present | the air within the vehicle | the passengers |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

### Option 4 {#o4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Gravity acts horizontally within a moving vehicle

```conllu
# sent_id = question:everyday:10-reasoning-about-the-moving-body:e1:o4:1
# text = Gravity acts horizontally within a moving vehicle
1	Gravity	gravity	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nsubj	_	_
2	acts	act	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	horizontally	horizontally	ADV	RB	_	2	advmod	_	_
4	within	within	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
5	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
6	moving	move	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	7	amod	_	_
7	vehicle	vehicle	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **act** | present | Gravity |  |  |  |  | within a moving vehicle; horizontally *property* | vn act-114-1-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **move** | gerund |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn roll-51.3.1 «NP.theme V»: agent=Theme |

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**Text:** the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (`world/data/school/`), as the course runner gave them to the student. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

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