---
title: Which of the following statements most accurately characterises a ni… — Standing up for yourself, nightmares a… · tree and pragmatics
description: Which of the following statements most accurately characterises a nightmare? Exam question 2 of lesson 100 «Standing up for yourself, nightmares and the dark» of the everyday course of Mova's primary school, with the dependency tree and pragmatics of the question and of each option; Mova's choice wa
---

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# Exam question 2 · Standing up for yourself, nightmares and the dark

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Which of the following statements most accurately characterises a nightmare?

<!-- .vintro -->
**Mova's choice:** option 2 · **The right answer:** option 2 · right ✓ · **What happens:** follow, characteris · **To what, where:** nightmare

<!-- .vabout -->
This is exam question 2 of lesson 100 «Standing up for yourself, nightmares and the dark» of the everyday course of Mova's primary school, asked in stiff, formal language. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: [the test at school](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/school-run/everyday/100-standing-up-nightmares-and-the-dark/#e2).

## The question {#question}

```conllu
# sent_id = question:everyday:100-standing-up-nightmares-and-the-dark:e2:1
# text = Which of the following statements most accurately characterises a nightmare?
1	Which	which	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	8	nsubj	_	_
2	of	of	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
4	following	follow	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	5	amod	_	_
5	statements	statement	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	8	obl	_	_
6	most	most	ADV	RBS	Degree=Sup	7	advmod	_	_
7	accurately	accurately	ADV	RB	_	8	advmod	_	_
8	characterises	characteris	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
9	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
10	nightmare	nightmare	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	?	?	PUNCT	.	_	8	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **follow** | gerund |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn occur-48.3-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 2 | **characteris** | present |  | a nightmare |  |  |  | of the following statements; accurately *property* | tree rules |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## The options {#options}

### Option 1 {#o1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
It is caused by monsters present within the bedroom

```conllu
# sent_id = question:everyday:100-standing-up-nightmares-and-the-dark:e2:o1:1
# text = It is caused by monsters present within the bedroom
1	It	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	3	nsubj:pass	_	_
2	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	3	aux:pass	_	_
3	caused	cause	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
4	by	by	SCONJ	IN	_	6	mark	_	_
5	monsters	monster	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	nsubj	_	_
6	present	present	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	3	ccomp	_	_
7	within	within	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
8	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	bedroom	bedroom	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	obl	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **cause** | present · passive |  | It |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **present** | present | monsters |  |  |  |  | within the bedroom | vn fulfilling-13.4.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent |

### Option 2 · ← Mova's choice · ✓ the right answer {#o2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
It may feel real, but it is a dream and cannot inflict harm

<!-- fold The tree, 14 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = question:everyday:100-standing-up-nightmares-and-the-dark:e2:o2:1
# text = It may feel real, but it is a dream and cannot inflict harm
1	It	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	3	nsubj	_	_
2	may	may	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	3	aux	_	_
3	feel	feel	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	0	root	_	_
4	real	real	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	10	punct	_	_
6	but	but	CCONJ	CC	_	10	cc	_	_
7	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	10	nsubj	_	_
8	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	10	cop	_	_
9	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
10	dream	dream	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	conj	_	_
11	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	14	cc	_	_
12	can	can	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	14	aux	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	not	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	14	advmod	_	_
14	inflict	inflict	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	3	conj	_	_
15	harm	harm	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	14	obj	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **feel** | may | It |  |  |  |  | real *property* | vn stimulus\_subject-30.4 «NP V ADJ»: agent=Stimulus |
| 2 | **is a** | present | it | a dream |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 3 | **not** **inflict** | can |  | harm |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

### Option 3 {#o3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
It may inflict harm if the dreamer does not awaken

```conllu
# sent_id = question:everyday:100-standing-up-nightmares-and-the-dark:e2:o3:1
# text = It may inflict harm if the dreamer does not awaken
1	It	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	3	nsubj	_	_
2	may	may	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	3	aux	_	_
3	inflict	inflict	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	0	root	_	_
4	harm	harm	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	_
5	if	if	SCONJ	IN	_	10	mark	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	dreamer	dreamer	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	nsubj	_	_
8	does	do	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	10	aux	_	_
9	not	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	10	advmod	_	_
10	awaken	awaken	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	3	advcl	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **inflict** | may | It | harm |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **not** **awaken** *a condition, not said to happen* | present · do-support | the dreamer |  |  |  |  |  | vn appear-48.1.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |

### Option 4 {#o4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
It is a warning of events that will subsequently occur in the dreamer's life

<!-- fold The tree, 15 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = question:everyday:100-standing-up-nightmares-and-the-dark:e2:o4:1
# text = It is a warning of events that will subsequently occur in the dreamer's life
1	It	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	4	nsubj	_	_
2	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	cop	_	_
3	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	warning	warning	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
5	of	of	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
6	events	event	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	nmod	_	_
7	that	that	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	10	nsubj	_	_
8	will	will	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	10	aux	_	_
9	subsequently	subsequently	ADV	RB	_	10	advmod	_	_
10	occur	occur	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	4	acl:relcl	_	_
11	in	in	ADP	IN	_	15	case	_	_
12	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	13	det	_	_
13	dreamer	dreamer	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	15	nmod:poss	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	's	's	PART	POS	_	13	case	_	_
15	life	life	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	obl	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | It | a warning |  |  |  | of events | tree rules |
| 2 | **occur** | future | a warning |  |  | the dreamer's life |  | subsequently *property* | vn occur-48.3-1 «NP V PP»: agent=Theme in life=Location |

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**Text:** the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (`world/data/school/`), as the course runner gave them to the student. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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