---
title: my mate swears "cross my heart" he saw a shark in the leisure centre… — Telling when someone may be lying · tree and pragmatics
description: my mate swears "cross my heart" he saw a shark in the leisure centre pool, so it must be true innit Test 19 · ★★ of lesson 198 «Telling when someone may be lying» of the everyday course of Mova's primary school, with the dependency tree and pragmatics of the question and of each option; Mova's choic
---

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# Test 19 · ★★ · Telling when someone may be lying

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
my mate swears "cross my heart" he saw a shark in the leisure centre pool, so it must be true innit

<!-- .vintro -->
**Mova's choice:** option 3 · **The right answer:** option 3 · right ✓ · **Who acts:** mate, shark · **What happens:** swear, cross, see, be · **To what, where:** heart, shark, centre pool · **Speech:** someone speaks here

<!-- .vabout -->
This is test 19 · ★★ of lesson 198 «Telling when someone may be lying» of the everyday course of Mova's primary school. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: [the test at school](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/school-run/everyday/198-telling-when-someone-may-be-lying/#t19).

## The question {#question}

```conllu
# sent_id = question:everyday:198-telling-when-someone-may-be-lying:t19:1
# text = my mate swears "cross my heart" he saw a shark in the leisure centre pool, so it must be true innit
1	my	my	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Sing|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	2	nmod:poss	_	_
2	mate	mate	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	swears	swear	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	"	"	PUNCT	``	_	5	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	cross	cross	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	3	ccomp	_	_
6	my	my	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Sing|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	7	nmod:poss	_	_
7	heart	heart	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	"	"	PUNCT	''	_	5	punct	_	_
9	he	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	10	nsubj	_	_
10	saw	see	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	3	ccomp	_	_
11	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	12	det	_	_
12	shark	shark	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	obj	_	_
13	in	in	ADP	IN	_	17	case	_	_
14	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	17	det	_	_
15	leisure	leisure	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	16	compound	_	_
16	centre	centre	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	17	compound	_	_
17	pool	pool	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
18	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	23	punct	_	_
19	so	so	ADV	RB	_	23	advmod	_	_
20	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	23	nsubj	_	_
21	must	must	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	23	aux	_	_
22	be	be	AUX	VB	VerbForm=Inf	23	cop	_	_
23	true	true	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	parataxis	_	_
24	innit	innit	PROPN	ADD	_	23	parataxis	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **swear** | present | my mate |  |  |  |  |  | vn conjecture-29.5 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent clause=Theme |
| 2 | **cross** *in a quote* | infinitive | my mate *not said here* | my heart |  |  |  |  | vn crane-40.3.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent heart=Patient |
| 3 | **see** | past | mate | a shark |  | the centre pool |  |  | vn comprehend-87.2-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Experiencer shark=Stimulus |
| 4 | **is** | must | shark |  |  |  |  | true *property* | tree rules |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## The options {#options}

### Option 1 {#o1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Call him a liar in front of everyone

```conllu
# sent_id = question:everyday:198-telling-when-someone-may-be-lying:t19:o1:1
# text = Call him a liar in front of everyone
1	Call	call	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
2	him	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	1	obj	_	_
3	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	liar	liar	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	xcomp	_	_
5	in	in	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
6	front	front	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obl	_	_
7	of	of	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
8	everyone	everyone	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Tot	6	nmod	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **call** | imperative | you *not said here* |  | him *= he* | front of everyone |  |  | vn initiate\_communication-37.4.2-1 «NP V NP.recipient»: agent=Agent he=Recipient |

### Option 2 {#o2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Believe it if he swears twice

```conllu
# sent_id = question:everyday:198-telling-when-someone-may-be-lying:t19:o2:1
# text = Believe it if he swears twice
1	Believe	believe	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
2	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	1	obj	_	_
3	if	if	SCONJ	IN	_	5	mark	_	_
4	he	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	5	nsubj	_	_
5	swears	swear	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	1	advcl	_	_
6	twice	twice	ADV	RB	NumForm=Word|NumType=Mult	5	advmod	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **believe** | imperative | you *not said here* | it |  |  |  |  | vn admire-31.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Experiencer it=Stimulus |
| 2 | **swear** *a condition, not said to happen* | present | he |  |  |  |  | twice *property* | vn conjecture-29.5 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent |

### Option 3 · ← Mova's choice · ✓ the right answer {#o3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
No; swearing harder doesn't make it true, unusual claims need evidence

```conllu
# sent_id = question:everyday:198-telling-when-someone-may-be-lying:t19:o3:1
# text = No; swearing harder doesn't make it true, unusual claims need evidence
1	No	no	INTJ	UH	Polarity=Neg	3	discourse	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	;	;	PUNCT	,	_	1	punct	_	_
3	swearing	swear	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	7	csubj	_	_
4	harder	hard	ADV	RBR	Degree=Cmp	3	advmod	_	_
5	does	do	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	7	aux	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	n't	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	7	advmod	_	_
7	make	make	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	0	root	_	_
8	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	7	obj	_	_
9	true	true	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	13	punct	_	_
11	unusual	unusual	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	12	amod	_	_
12	claims	claim	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	13	nsubj	_	_
13	need	need	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	7	parataxis	_	_
14	evidence	evidence	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	13	obj	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **swear** | gerund |  |  |  |  |  | hard *property* | vn conjecture-29.5 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **not** **make** | present · do-support | swearing | it |  |  |  | true *property* | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset it=Product |
| 3 | **need** | present | unusual claims | evidence |  |  |  |  | vn want-32.1-1-1 «NP V NP ADV»: agent=Pivot evidence=Theme |

### Option 4 {#o4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Yes, swearing proves it

```conllu
# sent_id = question:everyday:198-telling-when-someone-may-be-lying:t19:o4:1
# text = Yes, swearing proves it
1	Yes	yes	INTJ	UH	Polarity=Pos	4	discourse	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	1	punct	_	_
3	swearing	swearing	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
4	proves	prove	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	4	obj	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **prove** | present | swearing | it |  |  |  |  | vn deduce-97.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent it=Theme |

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**Text:** the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (`world/data/school/`), as the course runner gave them to the student. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

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- ← previous: [Telling when someone may be lying, test 18](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/questions/everyday/198-telling-when-someone-may-be-lying/t18/)
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