---
title: It is given that a younger sibling commences fighting after observin… — Jake, always in bruises · tree and pragmatics
description: It is given that a younger sibling commences fighting after observing an elder sibling do so. Identify the principal reason. Exam question 3 of lesson 372 «Jake, always in bruises» of the everyday course of Mova's primary school, with the dependency tree and pragmatics of the question and of each op
---

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# Exam question 3 · Jake, always in bruises

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
It is given that a younger sibling commences fighting after observing an elder sibling do so. Identify the principal reason.

<!-- .vintro -->
**Mova's choice:** option 1 · **The right answer:** option 1 · right ✓ · **Who acts:** younger sibling, you · **What happens:** give, commence, fight, observe, do, identify · **To what, where:** It, elder sibling, principal reason

<!-- .vabout -->
This is exam question 3 of lesson 372 «Jake, always in bruises» of the everyday course of Mova's primary school, asked in stiff, formal language. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: [the test at school](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/school-run/everyday/372-jake-always-in-bruises/#e3).

## The question {#question}

<!-- .note -->
*Sentence 1:* It is given that a younger sibling commences fighting after observing an elder sibling do so.

```conllu
# sent_id = question:everyday:372-jake-always-in-bruises:e3:1
# text = It is given that a younger sibling commences fighting after observing an elder sibling do so.
1	It	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	3	nsubj:pass	_	_
2	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	3	aux:pass	_	_
3	given	give	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
4	that	that	SCONJ	IN	_	8	mark	_	_
5	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
6	younger	young	ADJ	JJR	Degree=Cmp	7	amod	_	_
7	sibling	sibling	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	nsubj	_	_
8	commences	commence	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	3	advcl	_	_
9	fighting	fight	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	8	xcomp	_	_
10	after	after	SCONJ	IN	_	11	mark	_	_
11	observing	observe	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	9	advcl	_	_
12	an	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	14	det	_	_
13	elder	elder	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	14	compound	_	_
14	sibling	sibling	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	obj	_	_
15	do	do	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	3	parataxis	_	_
16	so	so	ADV	RB	_	15	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
17	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **give** | present · passive |  | It |  |  |  |  | vn give-13.1-1 «NP V NP»: subject=Theme |
| 2 | **commence** | present | a younger sibling |  |  |  |  |  | vn begin-55.1-1-1 «NP V S\_ING»: agent=Agent clause=Eventuality |
| 3 | **fight** | gerund | a younger sibling *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn battle-36.4-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 4 | **observe** | gerund | a younger sibling *not said here* | a elder sibling |  |  |  |  | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V NP.topic»: agent=Agent sibling=Topic |
| 5 | **do** | present |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn act-114-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

<!-- .note -->
*Sentence 2:* Identify the principal reason.

```conllu
# sent_id = question:everyday:372-jake-always-in-bruises:e3:2
# text = Identify the principal reason.
1	Identify	identify	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
2	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
3	principal	principal	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	amod	_	_
4	reason	reason	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **identify** | imperative | you *not said here* | the principal reason |  |  |  |  | vn characterize-29.2-1-1 «NP V NP S\_ING»: agent=Agent reason=Theme |

## The options {#options}

### Option 1 · ← Mova's choice · ✓ the right answer {#o1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Younger children imitate conduct more readily than they heed instruction

```conllu
# sent_id = question:everyday:372-jake-always-in-bruises:e3:o1:1
# text = Younger children imitate conduct more readily than they heed instruction
1	Younger	young	ADJ	JJR	Degree=Cmp	2	amod	_	_
2	children	child	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	nsubj	_	_
3	imitate	imitate	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	conduct	conduct	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	_
5	more	more	ADV	RBR	Degree=Cmp	6	advmod	_	_
6	readily	readily	ADV	RB	_	3	advmod	_	_
7	than	than	SCONJ	IN	_	9	mark	_	_
8	they	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	9	nsubj	_	_
9	heed	heed	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	3	advcl	_	_
10	instruction	instruction	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	obj	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **imitate** | present | Younger children | conduct |  |  |  | readily *property* | vn patent-101 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent conduct=Theme |
| 2 | **heed** | present | children *= child* | instruction |  |  |  |  | vn abide\_by-93.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent instruction=Theme |

### Option 2 {#o2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Younger children are invariably more aggressive

```conllu
# sent_id = question:everyday:372-jake-always-in-bruises:e3:o2:1
# text = Younger children are invariably more aggressive
1	Younger	young	ADJ	JJR	Degree=Cmp	2	amod	_	_
2	children	child	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	nsubj	_	_
3	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	cop	_	_
4	invariably	invariably	ADV	RB	_	5	advmod	_	_
5	more	more	ADV	RBR	Degree=Cmp	6	advmod	_	_
6	aggressive	aggressive	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | present | Younger children |  |  |  |  | aggressive *property* | tree rules |

### Option 3 {#o3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Fighting is transmitted from one generation to another by inheritance alone

```conllu
# sent_id = question:everyday:372-jake-always-in-bruises:e3:o3:1
# text = Fighting is transmitted from one generation to another by inheritance alone
1	Fighting	fighting	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj:pass	_	_
2	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	3	aux:pass	_	_
3	transmitted	transmit	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
4	from	from	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	one	one	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	6	nummod	_	_
6	generation	generation	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	_
7	to	to	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
8	another	another	DET	DT	PronType=Ind	3	obl	_	_
9	by	by	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
10	inheritance	inheritance	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	_
11	alone	alone	ADV	RB	_	3	advmod	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **transmit** | present · passive | inheritance | Fighting |  |  | from one generation | to another; alone *property* | vn send-11.1-1 «NP V NP PP.initial\_location PP.destination»: agent=Agent subject=Theme from generation=Initial\_Location to another=Destination |

### Option 4 {#o4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The younger sibling was instructed to fight

```conllu
# sent_id = question:everyday:372-jake-always-in-bruises:e3:o4:1
# text = The younger sibling was instructed to fight
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	younger	young	ADJ	JJR	Degree=Cmp	3	amod	_	_
3	sibling	sibling	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj:pass	_	_
4	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	5	aux:pass	_	_
5	instructed	instruct	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
6	to	to	PART	TO	_	7	mark	_	_
7	fight	fight	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	5	xcomp	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **instruct** *speech: other* | past · passive |  | the younger sibling |  |  |  |  | vn advise-37.9-1 «NP V NP how S\_INF»: subject=Recipient clause=Topic |
| 2 | **fight** | to-infinitive |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn battle-36.4-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |

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**Text:** the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (`world/data/school/`), as the course runner gave them to the student. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

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