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title: It is given that a bystander, not a participant, observed a fight at… — What fights cost: bruises, noses and t… · tree and pragmatics
description: It is given that a bystander, not a participant, observed a fight at close quarters. Ascertain the risk to which the bystander was exposed. Exam question 4 of lesson 374 «What fights cost: bruises, noses and teeth» of the everyday course of Mova's primary school, with the dependency tree and pragmat
---

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# Exam question 4 · What fights cost: bruises, noses and teeth

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
It is given that a bystander, not a participant, observed a fight at close quarters. Ascertain the risk to which the bystander was exposed.

<!-- .vintro -->
**Mova's choice:** option 1 · **The right answer:** option 2 · wrong ✗ · **Who acts:** bystander, you · **What happens:** give, observe, ascertain, expose · **To what, where:** It, fight, close quarters, risk, bystander

<!-- .vabout -->
This is exam question 4 of lesson 374 «What fights cost: bruises, noses and teeth» of the everyday course of Mova's primary school, asked in stiff, formal language. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: [the test at school](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/school-run/everyday/374-what-fights-cost-bruises-noses-and-teeth/#e4).

## The question {#question}

<!-- .note -->
*Sentence 1:* It is given that a bystander, not a participant, observed a fight at close quarters.

```conllu
# sent_id = question:everyday:374-what-fights-cost-bruises-noses-and-teeth:e4:1
# text = It is given that a bystander, not a participant, observed a fight at close quarters.
1	It	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	3	nsubj:pass	_	_
2	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	3	aux:pass	_	_
3	given	give	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
4	that	that	SCONJ	IN	_	12	mark	_	_
5	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	bystander	bystander	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	12	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	10	punct	_	_
8	not	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	10	advmod	_	_
9	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
10	participant	participant	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	6	punct	_	_
12	observed	observe	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	3	advcl	_	_
13	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	14	det	_	_
14	fight	fight	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	12	obj	_	_
15	at	at	ADP	IN	_	17	case	_	_
16	close	close	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	17	amod	_	_
17	quarters	quarter	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	12	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
18	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **give** | present · passive |  | It |  |  |  |  | vn give-13.1-1 «NP V NP»: subject=Theme |
| 2 | **observe** | past | a bystander and a participant | a fight |  | close quarters |  |  | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V NP.topic»: agent=Agent fight=Topic |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

<!-- .note -->
*Sentence 2:* Ascertain the risk to which the bystander was exposed.

```conllu
# sent_id = question:everyday:374-what-fights-cost-bruises-noses-and-teeth:e4:2
# text = Ascertain the risk to which the bystander was exposed.
1	Ascertain	ascertain	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
2	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
3	risk	risk	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obj	_	_
4	to	to	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
5	which	which	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	9	obl	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	bystander	bystander	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	nsubj:pass	_	_
8	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	9	aux:pass	_	_
9	exposed	expose	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	3	acl:relcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **ascertain** | imperative | you *not said here* | the risk |  |  |  |  | vn discover-84 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent risk=Topic |
| 2 | **expose** | past · passive |  | the bystander | the risk |  |  |  | vn reflexive\_appearance-48.1.2 «NP V NP PP.recipient»: subject=Theme to which=Recipient |

## The options {#options}

### Option 1 · ← Mova's choice {#o1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
No risk, bystanders being invariably safe

```conllu
# sent_id = question:everyday:374-what-fights-cost-bruises-noses-and-teeth:e4:o1:1
# text = No risk, bystanders being invariably safe
1	No	no	DET	DT	PronType=Neg	2	det	_	_
2	risk	risk	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	2	punct	_	_
4	bystanders	bystander	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	7	nsubj	_	_
5	being	be	AUX	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	7	cop	_	_
6	invariably	invariably	ADV	RB	_	7	advmod	_	_
7	safe	safe	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | gerund | no risk |  |  |  |  | invariably, safe *property* | tree rules |

### Option 2 · ✓ the right answer {#o2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Accidental injury from the movements of the participants

```conllu
# sent_id = question:everyday:374-what-fights-cost-bruises-noses-and-teeth:e4:o2:1
# text = Accidental injury from the movements of the participants
1	Accidental	accidental	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	amod	_	_
2	injury	injury	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
3	from	from	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	movements	movement	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	nmod	_	_
6	of	of	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	participants	participant	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	nmod	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **move** |  |  | the participants |  |  |  |  | nom movement «act transitive»: of=patient |

### Option 3 {#o3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A risk solely of boredom

```conllu
# sent_id = question:everyday:374-what-fights-cost-bruises-noses-and-teeth:e4:o3:1
# text = A risk solely of boredom
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	risk	risk	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
3	solely	solely	ADV	RB	_	2	advmod	_	_
4	of	of	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
5	boredom	boredom	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nmod	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **risk** |  |  | boredom |  |  |  |  | nom risk «state transitive»: of=patient |

### Option 4 {#o4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A risk of punishment as the principal aggressor, even where no blow is struck

<!-- fold The tree, 14 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = question:everyday:374-what-fights-cost-bruises-noses-and-teeth:e4:o4:1
# text = A risk of punishment as the principal aggressor, even where no blow is struck
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	risk	risk	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
3	of	of	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
4	punishment	punishment	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nmod	_	_
5	as	as	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
7	principal	principal	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	amod	_	_
8	aggressor	aggressor	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	15	punct	_	_
10	even	even	ADV	RB	_	15	advmod	_	_
11	where	where	ADV	WRB	PronType=Rel	15	advmod	_	_
12	no	no	DET	DT	PronType=Neg	13	det	_	_
13	blow	blow	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	15	nsubj	_	_
14	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	15	aux:pass	_	_
15	struck	strike	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	2	conj	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **strike** | present · passive |  | no blow |  |  |  |  | vn hit-18.1-1 «NP V NP»: subject=Patient |
| 2 | **risk** |  |  | punishment |  |  |  | as the principal aggressor | nom risk «state transitive»: of=patient as=obl |

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**Text:** the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (`world/data/school/`), as the course runner gave them to the student. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

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