---
title: Identify the statement most consistent with the established facts co… — Covering for a friend · tree and pragmatics
description: Identify the statement most consistent with the established facts concerning a pupil who denies having witnessed an act he did witness, in order to protect a friend. Exam question 1 of lesson 436 «Covering for a friend» of the everyday course of Mova's primary school, with the dependency tree and pr
---

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# Exam question 1 · Covering for a friend

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Identify the statement most consistent with the established facts concerning a pupil who denies having witnessed an act he did witness, in order to protect a friend.

<!-- .vintro -->
**Mova's choice:** option 1 · **The right answer:** option 4 · wrong ✗ · **Who acts:** you, established facts, pupil · **What happens:** identify, establish, concern, deny, have, witness · **To what, where:** statement, pupil, act, witness, friend

<!-- .vabout -->
This is exam question 1 of lesson 436 «Covering for a friend» of the everyday course of Mova's primary school, asked in stiff, formal language. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: [the test at school](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/school-run/everyday/436-covering-for-a-friend/#e1).

## The question {#question}

```conllu
# sent_id = question:everyday:436-covering-for-a-friend:e1:1
# text = Identify the statement most consistent with the established facts concerning a pupil who denies having witnessed an act he did witness, in order to protect a friend.
1	Identify	identify	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
2	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
3	statement	statement	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obj	_	_
4	most	most	ADV	RBS	Degree=Sup	5	advmod	_	_
5	consistent	consistent	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
6	with	with	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
8	established	establish	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	9	amod	_	_
9	facts	fact	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	obl	_	_
10	concerning	concern	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	9	acl	_	_
11	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	12	det	_	_
12	pupil	pupil	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	obj	_	_
13	who	who	PRON	WP	PronType=Rel	14	nsubj	_	_
14	denies	deny	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	12	acl:relcl	_	_
15	having	have	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	14	xcomp	_	_
16	witnessed	witness	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	15	xcomp	_	_
17	an	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	18	det	_	_
18	act	act	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	16	obj	_	_
19	he	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	20	nsubj	_	_
20	did	do	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	18	acl:relcl	_	_
21	witness	witness	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	20	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
22	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	26	punct	_	_
23	in	in	SCONJ	IN	ExtPos=SCONJ	26	mark	_	_
24	order	order	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	23	fixed	_	_
25	to	to	PART	TO	_	26	mark	_	_
26	protect	protect	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	1	parataxis	_	_
27	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	28	det	_	_
28	friend	friend	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	26	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
29	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **identify** | imperative | you *not said here* | the statement |  |  |  |  | vn characterize-29.2-1-1 «NP V NP S\_ING»: agent=Agent statement=Theme |
| 2 | **establish** | participle |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn indicate-78-1-1 «NP V NP to be NP»: agent=Pivot |
| 3 | **concern** | gerund | the established facts *not said here* | a pupil |  |  |  |  | vn amuse-31.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Stimulus pupil=Experiencer |
| 4 | **deny** | present | a pupil |  |  |  |  |  | vn conjecture-29.5 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent clause=Theme |
| 5 | **have** | gerund | a pupil *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 6 | **witness** | participle | a pupil *not said here* | a act |  |  |  |  | vn captain-29.8-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent act=Beneficiary |
| 7 | **do** | past | pupil | witness |  |  |  |  | vn act-114-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent witness=Eventuality |
| 8 | **protect** | to-infinitive |  |  | a friend |  |  |  | vn defend-72.3 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent friend=Beneficiary |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## The options {#options}

### Option 1 · ← Mova's choice {#o1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The denial bears no risk whatever to the pupil

```conllu
# sent_id = question:everyday:436-covering-for-a-friend:e1:o1:1
# text = The denial bears no risk whatever to the pupil
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	denial	denial	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	compound	_	_
3	bears	bear	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	nsubj	_	_
4	no	no	DET	DT	PronType=Neg	5	det	_	_
5	risk	risk	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nsubj	_	_
6	whatever	whatever	PRON	WP	PronType=Rel	0	root	_	_
7	to	to	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
8	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	pupil	pupil	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nmod	_	_
```

<!-- .note -->
The frames reader finds no event or fact in this sentence.

### Option 2 {#o2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The denial is required by friendship

```conllu
# sent_id = question:everyday:436-covering-for-a-friend:e1:o2:1
# text = The denial is required by friendship
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	denial	denial	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj:pass	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	aux:pass	_	_
4	required	require	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
5	by	by	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
6	friendship	friendship	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **require** | present · passive | friendship | the denial |  |  |  |  | vn require-103-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Theme subject=Precondition |

### Option 3 {#o3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The denial is honest, being made from loyalty to a friend

```conllu
# sent_id = question:everyday:436-covering-for-a-friend:e1:o3:1
# text = The denial is honest, being made from loyalty to a friend
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	denial	denial	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	cop	_	_
4	honest	honest	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	7	punct	_	_
6	being	be	AUX	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	7	aux:pass	_	_
7	made	make	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	4	conj	_	_
8	from	from	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
9	loyalty	loyalty	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	obl	_	_
10	to	to	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
11	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	12	det	_	_
12	friend	friend	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	nmod	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | present | the denial |  |  |  |  | honest *property* | tree rules |
| 2 | **make** | gerund · passive | the denial *not said here* |  |  | loyalty to a friend |  |  | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V PP»: from loyalty=Material |

### Option 4 · ✓ the right answer {#o4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The denial is a falsehood which may implicate the pupil himself

```conllu
# sent_id = question:everyday:436-covering-for-a-friend:e1:o4:1
# text = The denial is a falsehood which may implicate the pupil himself
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	denial	denial	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	cop	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	falsehood	falsehood	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
6	which	which	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	8	nsubj	_	_
7	may	may	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	8	aux	_	_
8	implicate	implicate	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	5	acl:relcl	_	_
9	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
10	pupil	pupil	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	obj	_	_
11	himself	himself	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs|Reflex=Yes	8	obl:unmarked	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | the denial | a falsehood |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **implicate** | may | a falsehood | the pupil |  |  |  | pupil *obl:unmarked* | tree rules |

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**Text:** the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (`world/data/school/`), as the course runner gave them to the student. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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- ← previous: [Covering for a friend, test 11](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/questions/everyday/436-covering-for-a-friend/t11/)
- next →: [Covering for a friend, exam 2](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/questions/everyday/436-covering-for-a-friend/e2/)
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