---
title: Max from Newcastle says, "Howay, c'est is a mash-up!" Of what? — Être: to be · tree and pragmatics
description: Max from Newcastle says, "Howay, c'est is a mash-up!" Of what? Test 11 of lesson 28 «Être: to be» of the French course of Mova's primary school, with the dependency tree and pragmatics of the question and of each option; Mova's choice was wrong.
---

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# Test 11 · Être: to be

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Max from Newcastle says, "Howay, c'est is a mash-up!" Of what?

<!-- .vintro -->
**Mova's choice:** option 1 · **The right answer:** option 3 · wrong ✗ · **Who acts:** Max, c'est · **What happens:** say, be · **To what, where:** mash up · **Speech:** someone speaks here

<!-- .vabout -->
This is test 11 of lesson 28 «Être: to be» of the French course of Mova's primary school. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: [the test at school](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/school-run/french/28-etre-to-be/#t11).

## The question {#question}

<!-- .note -->
*Sentence 1:* Max from Newcastle says, "Howay, c'est is a mash-up!"

```conllu
# sent_id = question:french:28-etre-to-be:t11:1
# text = Max from Newcastle says, "Howay, c'est is a mash-up!"
1	Max	Max	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
2	from	from	ADP	IN	_	3	case	_	_
3	Newcastle	Newcastle	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	1	nmod	_	_
4	says	say	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	7	punct	_	_
6	"	"	PUNCT	``	_	7	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	Howay	Howay	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	14	punct	_	_
9	c'est	c'est	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	14	nsubj	_	_
10	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	14	cop	_	_
11	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	14	det	_	_
12	mash	mash	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	14	compound	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	12	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	up	up	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	appos	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	!	!	PUNCT	.	_	14	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	"	"	PUNCT	''	_	14	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **say** *speech: express* | present | Max from Newcastle |  |  |  |  |  | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **is a** *in a quote* | present | c'est | a mash up |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

<!-- .note -->
*Sentence 2:* Of what?

```conllu
# sent_id = question:french:28-etre-to-be:t11:2
# text = Of what?
1	Of	of	ADP	IN	_	2	case	_	_
2	what	what	PRON	WP	PronType=Int	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	?	?	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .note -->
The frames reader finds no event or fact in this sentence.

## The options {#options}

### Option 1 · ← Mova's choice {#o1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
c (see) and est (east)

```conllu
# sent_id = question:french:28-etre-to-be:t11:o1:1
# text = c (see) and est (east)
1	c	c	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
2	(	(	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	3	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	see	see	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	1	parataxis	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	)	)	PUNCT	-RRB-	_	3	punct	_	_
5	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	6	cc	_	_
6	est	est	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	conj	_	_
7	(	(	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	8	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	east	east	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	appos	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	)	)	PUNCT	-RRB-	_	8	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **see** | infinitive |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn comprehend-87.2-1-1 «NP V»: agent=Experiencer |

### Option 2 {#o2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
ces (these) and t

```conllu
# sent_id = question:french:28-etre-to-be:t11:o2:1
# text = ces (these) and t
1	ces	ce	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	0	root	_	_
2	(	(	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	3	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	these	this	PRON	DT	Number=Plur|PronType=Dem	1	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	)	)	PUNCT	-RRB-	_	3	punct	_	_
5	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	6	cc	_	_
6	t	t	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	conj	_	_
```

<!-- .note -->
The frames reader finds no event or fact in this sentence.

### Option 3 · ✓ the right answer {#o3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
ce (it) and est (is)

```conllu
# sent_id = question:french:28-etre-to-be:t11:o3:1
# text = ce (it) and est (is)
1	ce	ce	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
2	(	(	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	3	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	1	appos	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	)	)	PUNCT	-RRB-	_	3	punct	_	_
5	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	6	cc	_	_
6	est	est	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	conj	_	_
7	(	(	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	8	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	is	be	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	1	parataxis	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	)	)	PUNCT	-RRB-	_	8	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **be** | present |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn exist-47.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |

### Option 4 {#o4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
se (self) and est (is)

```conllu
# sent_id = question:french:28-etre-to-be:t11:o4:1
# text = se (self) and est (is)
1	se	se	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
2	(	(	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	3	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	self	self	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	appos	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	)	)	PUNCT	-RRB-	_	3	punct	_	_
5	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	6	cc	_	_
6	est	est	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	conj	_	_
7	(	(	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	8	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	is	be	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	1	parataxis	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	)	)	PUNCT	-RRB-	_	8	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **be** | present |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn exist-47.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |

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**Text:** the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (`world/data/school/`), as the course runner gave them to the student. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

<!-- pn -->
- ← previous: [Être: to be, test 10](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/questions/french/28-etre-to-be/t10/)
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