---
title: Determine the meaning of "chauffeur" in contemporary French. — English words that came from French · tree and pragmatics
description: Determine the meaning of "chauffeur" in contemporary French. Exam question 4 of lesson 36 «English words that came from French» of the French course of Mova's primary school, with the dependency tree and pragmatics of the question and of each option; Mova's choice was wrong.
---

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# Exam question 4 · English words that came from French

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Determine the meaning of "chauffeur" in contemporary French.

<!-- .vintro -->
**Mova's choice:** option 1 · **The right answer:** option 2 · wrong ✗ · **Who acts:** you · **What happens:** determine, mean · **To what, where:** meaning, chauffeur

<!-- .vabout -->
This is exam question 4 of lesson 36 «English words that came from French» of the French course of Mova's primary school, asked in stiff, formal language. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: [the test at school](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/school-run/french/36-english-words-that-came-from-french/#e4).

## The question {#question}

```conllu
# sent_id = question:french:36-english-words-that-came-from-french:e4:1
# text = Determine the meaning of "chauffeur" in contemporary French.
1	Determine	determine	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
2	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
3	meaning	meaning	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obj	_	_
4	of	of	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	"	"	PUNCT	``	_	6	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	chauffeur	chauffeur	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	"	"	PUNCT	''	_	6	punct	_	_
8	in	in	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
9	contemporary	contemporary	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	10	amod	_	_
10	French	French	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	6	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **determine** | imperative | you *not said here* | the meaning of chauffeur in contemporary French |  |  |  |  | vn discover-84 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent meaning=Topic |
| 2 | **mean** |  |  | chauffeur in contemporary French |  |  |  |  | nom meaning «communication transitive»: of=patient |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## The options {#options}

### Option 1 · ← Mova's choice {#o1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Exclusively a driver of private cars for the wealthy

```conllu
# sent_id = question:french:36-english-words-that-came-from-french:e4:o1:1
# text = Exclusively a driver of private cars for the wealthy
1	Exclusively	exclusively	ADV	RB	_	3	advmod	_	_
2	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
3	driver	driver	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
4	of	of	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	private	private	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	cars	car	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	nmod	_	_
7	for	for	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
8	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	wealthy	wealthy	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nmod	_	_
```

<!-- .note -->
The frames reader finds no event or fact in this sentence.

### Option 2 · ✓ the right answer {#o2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Any driver of a vehicle

```conllu
# sent_id = question:french:36-english-words-that-came-from-french:e4:o2:1
# text = Any driver of a vehicle
1	Any	any	DET	DT	PronType=Ind	2	det	_	_
2	driver	driver	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
3	of	of	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	vehicle	vehicle	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nmod	_	_
```

<!-- .note -->
The frames reader finds no event or fact in this sentence.

### Option 3 {#o3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A person who cooks in a restaurant

```conllu
# sent_id = question:french:36-english-words-that-came-from-french:e4:o3:1
# text = A person who cooks in a restaurant
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	person	person	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
3	who	who	PRON	WP	PronType=Rel	4	nsubj	_	_
4	cooks	cook	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	2	acl:relcl	_	_
5	in	in	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	restaurant	restaurant	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **cook** | present | a person |  |  |  |  | in a restaurant | vn cooking-45.3 «NP V NP PP.instrument»: agent=Agent in restaurant=Instrument |

### Option 4 {#o4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A person employed to heat a building

```conllu
# sent_id = question:french:36-english-words-that-came-from-french:e4:o4:1
# text = A person employed to heat a building
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	person	person	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
3	employed	employ	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	2	acl	_	_
4	to	to	PART	TO	_	5	mark	_	_
5	heat	heat	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	3	advcl	_	_
6	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	building	building	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obj	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **employ** | participle |  | a person *not said here* |  |  |  |  | vn hire-13.5.3 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **heat** | to-infinitive |  | a building |  |  |  |  | vn cooking-45.3 «NP V NP.patient»: agent=Agent building=Patient |

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**Text:** the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (`world/data/school/`), as the course runner gave them to the student. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

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- ← previous: [English words that came from French, exam 3](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/questions/french/36-english-words-that-came-from-french/e3/)
- next →: [Olympiad: number-word puzzles ★★★, test 1](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/questions/french/37-olympiad-number-word-puzzles/t1/)
- ↑ back to [English words that came from French](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/questions/french/36-english-words-that-came-from-french/)