---
title: Which of the following statements most accurately characterises the… — Weather, storms and the changing climate · tree and pragmatics
description: Which of the following statements most accurately characterises the distinction between weather and climate? Exam question 2 of lesson 23 «Weather, storms and the changing climate» of the geography course of Mova's primary school, with the dependency tree and pragmatics of the question and of each o
---

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# Exam question 2 · Weather, storms and the changing climate

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Which of the following statements most accurately characterises the distinction between weather and climate?

<!-- .vintro -->
**Mova's choice:** option 3 · **The right answer:** option 3 · right ✓ · **What happens:** follow, characteris · **To what, where:** distinction

<!-- .vabout -->
This is exam question 2 of lesson 23 «Weather, storms and the changing climate» of the geography course of Mova's primary school, asked in stiff, formal language. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: [the test at school](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/school-run/geography/23-weather-storms-and-the-changing-climate/#e2).

## The question {#question}

```conllu
# sent_id = question:geography:23-weather-storms-and-the-changing-climate:e2:1
# text = Which of the following statements most accurately characterises the distinction between weather and climate?
1	Which	which	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	8	nsubj	_	_
2	of	of	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
4	following	follow	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	5	amod	_	_
5	statements	statement	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	8	obl	_	_
6	most	most	ADV	RBS	Degree=Sup	7	advmod	_	_
7	accurately	accurately	ADV	RB	_	8	advmod	_	_
8	characterises	characteris	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
9	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
10	distinction	distinction	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	obj	_	_
11	between	between	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
12	weather	weather	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	nmod	_	_
13	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	14	cc	_	_
14	climate	climate	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	12	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	?	?	PUNCT	.	_	8	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **follow** | gerund |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn occur-48.3-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 2 | **characteris** | present |  | the distinction |  |  |  | of the following statements; between weather and climate; accurately *property* | tree rules |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## The options {#options}

### Option 1 {#o1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Climate denotes present conditions; weather denotes their average over several centuries

```conllu
# sent_id = question:geography:23-weather-storms-and-the-changing-climate:e2:o1:1
# text = Climate denotes present conditions; weather denotes their average over several centuries
1	Climate	climate	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nsubj	_	_
2	denotes	denote	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	present	present	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	amod	_	_
4	conditions	condition	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	;	;	PUNCT	:	_	7	punct	_	_
6	weather	weather	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nsubj	_	_
7	denotes	denote	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	2	conj	_	_
8	their	their	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	9	nmod:poss	_	_
9	average	average	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	obj	_	_
10	over	over	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
11	several	several	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	12	amod	_	_
12	centuries	century	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	7	obl	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **denote** | present | Climate | present conditions |  |  |  |  | vn indicate-78 «NP V NP»: agent=Pivot condition=Topic |
| 2 | **denote** | present | weather | conditions's average |  |  | century |  | vn indicate-78 «NP V NP»: agent=Pivot average=Topic |
| 3 | **average** |  | conditions *= condition* |  |  |  |  |  | nom average «cognition transitive»: poss=agent |

### Option 2 {#o2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The two terms are entirely synonymous in scientific usage

```conllu
# sent_id = question:geography:23-weather-storms-and-the-changing-climate:e2:o2:1
# text = The two terms are entirely synonymous in scientific usage
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	two	two	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	3	nummod	_	_
3	terms	term	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	nsubj	_	_
4	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	cop	_	_
5	entirely	entirely	ADV	RB	_	6	advmod	_	_
6	synonymous	synonymous	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	_
7	in	in	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
8	scientific	scientific	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	9	amod	_	_
9	usage	usage	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	obl	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | present | the two terms |  |  | scientific usage |  | entirely, synonymous *property* | tree rules |

### Option 3 · ← Mova's choice · ✓ the right answer {#o3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Weather denotes present conditions; climate denotes their average over some thirty years

```conllu
# sent_id = question:geography:23-weather-storms-and-the-changing-climate:e2:o3:1
# text = Weather denotes present conditions; climate denotes their average over some thirty years
1	Weather	weather	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nsubj	_	_
2	denotes	denote	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	present	present	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	amod	_	_
4	conditions	condition	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	;	;	PUNCT	:	_	7	punct	_	_
6	climate	climate	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nsubj	_	_
7	denotes	denote	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	2	conj	_	_
8	their	their	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	9	nmod:poss	_	_
9	average	average	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	obj	_	_
10	over	over	ADP	IN	_	13	case	_	_
11	some	some	DET	DT	PronType=Ind	13	det	_	_
12	thirty	thirty	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	13	nummod	_	_
13	years	year	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	7	obl	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **denote** | present | Weather | present conditions |  |  |  |  | vn indicate-78 «NP V NP»: agent=Pivot condition=Topic |
| 2 | **denote** | present | climate | conditions's average |  |  | year |  | vn indicate-78 «NP V NP»: agent=Pivot average=Topic |
| 3 | **average** |  | conditions *= condition* |  |  |  |  |  | nom average «cognition transitive»: poss=agent |

### Option 4 {#o4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Weather pertains solely to precipitation; climate solely to temperature

```conllu
# sent_id = question:geography:23-weather-storms-and-the-changing-climate:e2:o4:1
# text = Weather pertains solely to precipitation; climate solely to temperature
1	Weather	weather	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nsubj	_	_
2	pertains	pertain	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	solely	solely	ADV	RB	_	2	advmod	_	_
4	to	to	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
5	precipitation	precipitation	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	;	;	PUNCT	,	_	2	punct	_	_
7	climate	climate	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
8	solely	solely	ADV	RB	_	10	advmod	_	_
9	to	to	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
10	temperature	temperature	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **pertain** | present | Weather | climate |  |  |  | to precipitation; to temperature; solely *property* | tree rules |

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**Text:** the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (`world/data/school/`), as the course runner gave them to the student. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

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