---
title: Which of the following statements most accurately characterises a li… — Languages and peoples on the map · tree and pragmatics
description: Which of the following statements most accurately characterises a lingua franca? Exam question 2 of lesson 25 «Languages and peoples on the map» of the geography course of Mova's primary school, with the dependency tree and pragmatics of the question and of each option; Mova's choice was wrong.
---

<!-- md -->
[Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/questions/geography/25-languages-and-peoples-on-the-map/e2/)

<!-- crumbs -->
[home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [questions](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/questions/) / [Geography](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/questions/geography/) / [Languages and peoples on the map](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/questions/geography/25-languages-and-peoples-on-the-map/) / e2

# Exam question 2 · Languages and peoples on the map

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Which of the following statements most accurately characterises a lingua franca?

<!-- .vintro -->
**Mova's choice:** option 1 · **The right answer:** option 4 · wrong ✗ · **What happens:** follow, characteris · **To what, where:** lingua franca

<!-- .vabout -->
This is exam question 2 of lesson 25 «Languages and peoples on the map» of the geography course of Mova's primary school, asked in stiff, formal language. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: [the test at school](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/school-run/geography/25-languages-and-peoples-on-the-map/#e2).

## The question {#question}

```conllu
# sent_id = question:geography:25-languages-and-peoples-on-the-map:e2:1
# text = Which of the following statements most accurately characterises a lingua franca?
1	Which	which	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	8	nsubj	_	_
2	of	of	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
4	following	follow	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	5	amod	_	_
5	statements	statement	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	8	obl	_	_
6	most	most	ADV	RBS	Degree=Sup	7	advmod	_	_
7	accurately	accurately	ADV	RB	_	8	advmod	_	_
8	characterises	characteris	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
9	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	11	det	_	_
10	lingua	lingua	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	compound	_	_
11	franca	franca	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	?	?	PUNCT	.	_	8	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **follow** | gerund |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn occur-48.3-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 2 | **characteris** | present |  | a lingua franca |  |  |  | of the following statements; accurately *property* | tree rules |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## The options {#options}

### Option 1 · ← Mova's choice {#o1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A language confined in its use to the French Republic

```conllu
# sent_id = question:geography:25-languages-and-peoples-on-the-map:e2:o1:1
# text = A language confined in its use to the French Republic
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	language	language	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
3	confined	confine	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	2	acl	_	_
4	in	in	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	its	its	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	6	nmod:poss	_	_
6	use	use	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	_
7	to	to	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
8	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
9	French	French	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	10	compound	_	_
10	Republic	Republic	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **confine** | participle |  | a language *not said here* |  | language's use |  | to the French Republic | vn confine-92-1 «NP V NP PP.destination»: agent=Agent in use=Destination |
| 2 | **use** |  | language |  |  |  |  |  | nom use «act transitive»: poss=agent |

### Option 2 {#o2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The most ancient member of any family of languages, from which the others descend

<!-- fold The tree, 14 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = question:geography:25-languages-and-peoples-on-the-map:e2:o2:1
# text = The most ancient member of any family of languages, from which the others descend
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
2	most	most	ADV	RBS	Degree=Sup	3	advmod	_	_
3	ancient	ancient	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	amod	_	_
4	member	member	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	15	nsubj	_	_
5	of	of	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	any	any	DET	DT	PronType=Ind	7	det	_	_
7	family	family	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nmod	_	_
8	of	of	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
9	languages	language	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	7	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	15	punct	_	_
11	from	from	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
12	which	which	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	15	obl	_	_
13	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	14	det	_	_
14	others	other	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	15	nsubj	_	_
15	descend	descend	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **descend** | present | the ancient member of any family of languages |  |  |  |  |  | vn meander-47.7-1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme from which=Location |

### Option 3 {#o3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A language lacking any written form whatsoever

```conllu
# sent_id = question:geography:25-languages-and-peoples-on-the-map:e2:o3:1
# text = A language lacking any written form whatsoever
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	language	language	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
3	lacking	lack	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	2	acl	_	_
4	any	any	DET	DT	PronType=Ind	6	det	_	_
5	written	write	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	6	amod	_	_
6	form	form	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	_
7	whatsoever	whatsoever	ADV	RB	_	3	advmod	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **lack** | gerund | a language *not said here* | any written form |  |  |  | whatsoever *property* | tree rules |
| 2 | **write** | participle |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn scribble-25.2-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |

### Option 4 · ✓ the right answer {#o4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A language employed for communication between persons of differing first languages

```conllu
# sent_id = question:geography:25-languages-and-peoples-on-the-map:e2:o4:1
# text = A language employed for communication between persons of differing first languages
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	language	language	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
3	employed	employ	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	2	acl	_	_
4	for	for	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
5	communication	communication	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	_
6	between	between	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
7	persons	person	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	nmod	_	_
8	of	of	SCONJ	IN	_	9	mark	_	_
9	differing	differ	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	7	acl	_	_
10	first	first	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos|NumForm=Word|NumType=Ord	11	amod	_	_
11	languages	language	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	9	obj	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **employ** | participle |  | a language *not said here* |  |  |  | for communication between persons | vn use-105.1 «NP V NP PP.predicate»: agent=Agent for communication=Eventuality |
| 2 | **differ** | gerund | persons *not said here* | first languages |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (`world/data/school/`), as the course runner gave them to the student. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

<!-- pn -->
- ← previous: [Languages and peoples on the map, exam 1](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/questions/geography/25-languages-and-peoples-on-the-map/e1/)
- next →: [Languages and peoples on the map, exam 3](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/questions/geography/25-languages-and-peoples-on-the-map/e3/)
- ↑ back to [Languages and peoples on the map](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/questions/geography/25-languages-and-peoples-on-the-map/)