---
title: Why did the Inca use llamas, not horses, to carry goods? — Food and farming around the world · tree and pragmatics
description: Why did the Inca use llamas, not horses, to carry goods? Test 2 of lesson 26 «Food and farming around the world» of the geography course of Mova's primary school, with the dependency tree and pragmatics of the question and of each option; Mova's choice was right.
---

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# Test 2 · Food and farming around the world

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Why did the Inca use llamas, not horses, to carry goods?

<!-- .vintro -->
**Mova's choice:** option 1 · **The right answer:** option 1 · right ✓ · **Who acts:** Inca · **What happens:** use, carry · **To what, where:** llamas, goods

<!-- .vabout -->
This is test 2 of lesson 26 «Food and farming around the world» of the geography course of Mova's primary school. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: [the test at school](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/school-run/geography/26-food-and-farming-around-the-world/#t2).

## The question {#question}

```conllu
# sent_id = question:geography:26-food-and-farming-around-the-world:t2:1
# text = Why did the Inca use llamas, not horses, to carry goods?
1	Why	why	ADV	WRB	PronType=Int	5	advmod	_	_
2	did	do	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	5	aux	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	Inca	Inca	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
5	use	use	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
6	llamas	llama	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	9	punct	_	_
8	not	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	9	advmod	_	_
9	horses	horse	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	12	punct	_	_
11	to	to	PART	TO	_	12	mark	_	_
12	carry	carry	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	5	conj	_	_
13	goods	goods	NOUN	NNS	Number=Ptan	12	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	?	?	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **use** | past · do-support | the Inca | llamas and horses |  |  |  |  | vn eat-39.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent llama=Patient |
| 2 | **carry** | to-infinitive | the Inca *not said here* | goods |  |  |  |  | vn carry-11.4 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent goods=Theme |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## The options {#options}

### Option 1 · ← Mova's choice · ✓ the right answer {#o1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
There were no horses in the Americas before Europeans brought them

```conllu
# sent_id = question:geography:26-food-and-farming-around-the-world:t2:o1:1
# text = There were no horses in the Americas before Europeans brought them
1	There	there	PRON	EX	PronType=Dem	2	expl	_	_
2	were	be	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	no	no	DET	DT	PronType=Neg	4	det	_	_
4	horses	horse	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	nsubj	_	_
5	in	in	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	Americas	AMERICAS	PROPN	NNPS	Number=Plur	4	nmod	_	_
8	before	before	SCONJ	IN	_	10	mark	_	_
9	Europeans	European	PROPN	NNPS	Number=Plur	10	nsubj	_	_
10	brought	bring	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	2	advcl	_	_
11	them	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	10	obj	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **be** | past | no horses in the Americas |  |  | there |  |  | vn exist-47.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 2 | **bring** | past | Europeans | horses *= horse* |  |  |  |  | vn bring-11.3-1 «NP V NP together»: agent=Agent they=Theme |

### Option 2 {#o2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Llamas are much faster than horses

```conllu
# sent_id = question:geography:26-food-and-farming-around-the-world:t2:o2:1
# text = Llamas are much faster than horses
1	Llamas	llama	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	obl:unmarked	_	_
2	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	cop	_	_
3	much	much	ADV	RB	_	4	advmod	_	_
4	faster	fast	ADV	RBR	Degree=Cmp	0	root	_	_
5	than	than	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
6	horses	horse	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	obl	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | present |  |  |  |  |  | than horses; Llamas *obl:unmarked*; fast *property* | tree rules |

### Option 3 {#o3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Horses cannot walk on any mountain

```conllu
# sent_id = question:geography:26-food-and-farming-around-the-world:t2:o3:1
# text = Horses cannot walk on any mountain
1	Horses	horse	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	nsubj	_	_
2	can	can	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	4	aux	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	not	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	4	advmod	_	_
4	walk	walk	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	0	root	_	_
5	on	on	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	any	any	DET	DT	PronType=Ind	7	det	_	_
7	mountain	mountain	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **not** **walk** | can | Horses |  |  | any mountain |  |  | vn run-51.3.2-2-1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme on mountain=Trajectory |

### Option 4 {#o4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Horses were banned by the Inca king because he was afraid of them

```conllu
# sent_id = question:geography:26-food-and-farming-around-the-world:t2:o4:1
# text = Horses were banned by the Inca king because he was afraid of them
1	Horses	horse	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	nsubj:pass	_	_
2	were	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	3	aux:pass	_	_
3	banned	ban	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
4	by	by	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
6	Inca	Inca	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	7	compound	_	_
7	king	king	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	_
8	because	because	SCONJ	IN	_	11	mark	_	_
9	he	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	11	nsubj	_	_
10	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	11	cop	_	_
11	afraid	afraid	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	advcl	_	_
12	of	of	ADP	IN	_	13	case	_	_
13	them	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	11	obl	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **ban** | past · passive | the Inca king | Horses |  |  |  |  | vn forbid-64.4-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Causer subject=Theme |
| 2 | **is** | past | king |  |  |  |  | of Horses *= horse*; afraid *property* | tree rules |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (`world/data/school/`), as the course runner gave them to the student. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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- ← previous: [Food and farming around the world, test 1](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/questions/geography/26-food-and-farming-around-the-world/t1/)
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- ↑ back to [Food and farming around the world](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/questions/geography/26-food-and-farming-around-the-world/)