---
title: If caravels had only square sails, what would have been harder? — Castile, Portugal and the first sea em… · tree and pragmatics
description: If caravels had only square sails, what would have been harder? Test 5 of lesson 33 «Castile, Portugal and the first sea empires» of the geography course of Mova's primary school, with the dependency tree and pragmatics of the question and of each option; Mova's choice was wrong.
---

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# Test 5 · Castile, Portugal and the first sea empires

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
If caravels had only square sails, what would have been harder?

<!-- .vintro -->
**Mova's choice:** option 1 · **The right answer:** option 4 · wrong ✗ · **Who acts:** caravels, square sails · **What happens:** have, be · **To what, where:** square sails

<!-- .vabout -->
This is test 5 of lesson 33 «Castile, Portugal and the first sea empires» of the geography course of Mova's primary school. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: [the test at school](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/school-run/geography/33-castile-portugal-and-the-first-sea-empires/#t5).

## The question {#question}

```conllu
# sent_id = question:geography:33-castile-portugal-and-the-first-sea-empires:t5:1
# text = If caravels had only square sails, what would have been harder?
1	If	if	SCONJ	IN	_	3	mark	_	_
2	caravels	caravel	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	nsubj	_	_
3	had	have	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	only	only	ADV	RB	_	6	advmod	_	_
5	square	square	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	sails	sail	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	12	punct	_	_
8	what	what	PRON	WP	PronType=Int	12	nsubj	_	_
9	would	would	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	12	aux	_	_
10	have	have	AUX	VB	VerbForm=Inf	12	aux	_	_
11	been	be	AUX	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	12	cop	_	_
12	harder	hard	ADJ	JJR	Degree=Cmp	6	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	?	?	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **have** | past | caravels | square sails |  |  |  |  | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent sail=Patient |
| 2 | **is** | would · perfect | square sails |  |  |  |  | hard *property* | tree rules |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## The options {#options}

### Option 1 · ← Mova's choice {#o1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Floating on the sea

```conllu
# sent_id = question:geography:33-castile-portugal-and-the-first-sea-empires:t5:o1:1
# text = Floating on the sea
1	Floating	float	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	0	root	_	_
2	on	on	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	sea	sea	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obl	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **float** | gerund |  |  |  | the sea |  |  | vn run-51.3.2-2 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme on sea=Trajectory |

### Option 2 {#o2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Carrying any cargo at all, even food and water for the crew

```conllu
# sent_id = question:geography:33-castile-portugal-and-the-first-sea-empires:t5:o2:1
# text = Carrying any cargo at all, even food and water for the crew
1	Carrying	carry	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	0	root	_	_
2	any	any	DET	DT	PronType=Ind	3	det	_	_
3	cargo	cargo	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obj	_	_
4	at	at	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
5	all	all	DET	DT	PronType=Tot	1	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	8	punct	_	_
7	even	even	ADV	RB	_	8	advmod	_	_
8	food	food	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obl	_	_
9	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	10	cc	_	_
10	water	water	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	conj	_	_
11	for	for	ADP	IN	_	13	case	_	_
12	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	13	det	_	_
13	crew	crew	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obl	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **carry** | gerund |  | any cargo |  | all |  | for the crew; food and water *obl* | vn carry-11.4 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent cargo=Theme |

### Option 3 {#o3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Fishing near Portugal

```conllu
# sent_id = question:geography:33-castile-portugal-and-the-first-sea-empires:t5:o3:1
# text = Fishing near Portugal
1	Fishing	fish	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	0	root	_	_
2	near	near	ADP	IN	_	3	case	_	_
3	Portugal	Portugal	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	1	obl	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **fish** | gerund |  |  |  | Portugal |  |  | vn hunt-35.1 «NP V PP.theme PP.location»: agent=Agent near portugal=Location |

### Option 4 · ✓ the right answer {#o4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Sailing back against the wind along the African coast

```conllu
# sent_id = question:geography:33-castile-portugal-and-the-first-sea-empires:t5:o4:1
# text = Sailing back against the wind along the African coast
1	Sailing	sail	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	0	root	_	_
2	back	back	ADV	RB	_	1	advmod	_	_
3	against	against	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	wind	wind	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obl	_	_
6	along	along	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
8	African	African	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	9	amod	_	_
9	coast	coast	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obl	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **sail back** | gerund |  |  |  | the African coast |  | against the wind | vn nonvehicle-51.4.2-1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Agent along coast=Trajectory |

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**Text:** the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (`world/data/school/`), as the course runner gave them to the student. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

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