---
title: Which of the following statements most accurately characterises the… — Volcanoes: how and where · tree and pragmatics
description: Which of the following statements most accurately characterises the distinction between magma and lava? Exam question 1 of lesson 46 «Volcanoes: how and where» of the geography course of Mova's primary school, with the dependency tree and pragmatics of the question and of each option; Mova's choice 
---

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# Exam question 1 · Volcanoes: how and where

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Which of the following statements most accurately characterises the distinction between magma and lava?

<!-- .vintro -->
**Mova's choice:** option 1 · **The right answer:** option 1 · right ✓ · **What happens:** follow, characteris · **To what, where:** distinction

<!-- .vabout -->
This is exam question 1 of lesson 46 «Volcanoes: how and where» of the geography course of Mova's primary school, asked in stiff, formal language. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: [the test at school](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/school-run/geography/46-volcanoes-how-and-where/#e1).

## The question {#question}

```conllu
# sent_id = question:geography:46-volcanoes-how-and-where:e1:1
# text = Which of the following statements most accurately characterises the distinction between magma and lava?
1	Which	which	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	8	nsubj	_	_
2	of	of	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
4	following	follow	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	5	amod	_	_
5	statements	statement	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	8	obl	_	_
6	most	most	ADV	RBS	Degree=Sup	7	advmod	_	_
7	accurately	accurately	ADV	RB	_	8	advmod	_	_
8	characterises	characteris	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
9	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
10	distinction	distinction	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	obj	_	_
11	between	between	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
12	magma	magma	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	nmod	_	_
13	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	14	cc	_	_
14	lava	lava	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	12	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	?	?	PUNCT	.	_	8	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **follow** | gerund |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn occur-48.3-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 2 | **characteris** | present |  | the distinction |  |  |  | of the following statements; between magma and lava; accurately *property* | tree rules |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## The options {#options}

### Option 1 · ← Mova's choice · ✓ the right answer {#o1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Magma denotes molten rock beneath the surface; lava denotes the same material once erupted

<!-- fold The tree, 14 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = question:geography:46-volcanoes-how-and-where:e1:o1:1
# text = Magma denotes molten rock beneath the surface; lava denotes the same material once erupted
1	Magma	Magma	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	2	nsubj	_	_
2	denotes	denote	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	molten	molten	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	amod	_	_
4	rock	rock	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
5	beneath	beneath	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	surface	surface	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	;	;	PUNCT	:	_	10	punct	_	_
9	lava	lava	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	nsubj	_	_
10	denotes	denote	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	2	conj	_	_
11	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	13	det	_	_
12	same	same	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	13	amod	_	_
13	material	material	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	obj	_	_
14	once	once	ADV	RB	NumForm=Word|NumType=Mult	15	advmod	_	_
15	erupted	erupt	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	10	advcl	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **denote** | present | Magma | molten rock |  |  |  | beneath the surface | vn indicate-78 «NP V NP»: agent=Pivot rock=Topic |
| 2 | **denote** | present | lava | the same material |  |  |  |  | vn indicate-78 «NP V NP»: agent=Pivot material=Topic |
| 3 | **erupt** | past | lava *not said here* |  |  |  |  | once *property* | vn appear-48.1.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |

### Option 2 {#o2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Magma denotes solid rock; lava denotes molten rock beneath the surface

```conllu
# sent_id = question:geography:46-volcanoes-how-and-where:e1:o2:1
# text = Magma denotes solid rock; lava denotes molten rock beneath the surface
1	Magma	Magma	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	2	nsubj	_	_
2	denotes	denote	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	solid	solid	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	amod	_	_
4	rock	rock	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	;	;	PUNCT	:	_	7	punct	_	_
6	lava	lava	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nsubj	_	_
7	denotes	denote	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	2	conj	_	_
8	molten	molten	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	9	amod	_	_
9	rock	rock	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	obj	_	_
10	beneath	beneath	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
11	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	12	det	_	_
12	surface	surface	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	obl	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **denote** | present | Magma | solid rock |  |  |  |  | vn indicate-78 «NP V NP»: agent=Pivot rock=Topic |
| 2 | **denote** | present | lava | molten rock |  |  |  | beneath the surface | vn indicate-78 «NP V NP»: agent=Pivot rock=Topic |

### Option 3 {#o3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The terms are applied to rocks of wholly different chemical composition and origin

```conllu
# sent_id = question:geography:46-volcanoes-how-and-where:e1:o3:1
# text = The terms are applied to rocks of wholly different chemical composition and origin
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	terms	term	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	nsubj:pass	_	_
3	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	aux:pass	_	_
4	applied	apply	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
5	to	to	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
6	rocks	rock	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	obl	_	_
7	of	of	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
8	wholly	wholly	ADV	RB	_	9	advmod	_	_
9	different	different	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	11	amod	_	_
10	chemical	chemical	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	11	amod	_	_
11	composition	composition	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nmod	_	_
12	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	13	cc	_	_
13	origin	origin	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	conj	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **apply** | present · passive |  | the terms |  |  |  | to rocks of different chemical composition and origin | vn use-105.1 «NP V NP»: subject=Theme |

### Option 4 {#o4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Magma denotes volcanic ash; lava denotes the gas emitted during an eruption

```conllu
# sent_id = question:geography:46-volcanoes-how-and-where:e1:o4:1
# text = Magma denotes volcanic ash; lava denotes the gas emitted during an eruption
1	Magma	Magma	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	2	nsubj	_	_
2	denotes	denote	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	volcanic	volcanic	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	amod	_	_
4	ash	ash	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	;	;	PUNCT	:	_	7	punct	_	_
6	lava	lava	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nsubj	_	_
7	denotes	denote	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	2	conj	_	_
8	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	gas	gas	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	obj	_	_
10	emitted	emit	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	9	acl	_	_
11	during	during	ADP	IN	_	13	case	_	_
12	an	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	13	det	_	_
13	eruption	eruption	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	obl	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **denote** | present | Magma | volcanic ash |  |  |  |  | vn indicate-78 «NP V NP»: agent=Pivot ash=Topic |
| 2 | **denote** | present | lava | the gas |  |  |  |  | vn indicate-78 «NP V NP»: agent=Pivot gas=Topic |
| 3 | **emit** | participle |  | the gas *not said here* |  |  | during a eruption |  | vn substance\_emission-43.4 «NP V NP»: agent=Source |

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**Text:** the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (`world/data/school/`), as the course runner gave them to the student. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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