---
title: Which of the following statements most accurately characterises the… — Igneous rocks and the rock cycle · tree and pragmatics
description: Which of the following statements most accurately characterises the formation of igneous rocks? Exam question 1 of lesson 48 «Igneous rocks and the rock cycle» of the geography course of Mova's primary school, with the dependency tree and pragmatics of the question and of each option; Mova's choice 
---

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# Exam question 1 · Igneous rocks and the rock cycle

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Which of the following statements most accurately characterises the formation of igneous rocks?

<!-- .vintro -->
**Mova's choice:** option 1 · **The right answer:** option 4 · wrong ✗ · **What happens:** follow, characteris · **To what, where:** formation

<!-- .vabout -->
This is exam question 1 of lesson 48 «Igneous rocks and the rock cycle» of the geography course of Mova's primary school, asked in stiff, formal language. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: [the test at school](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/school-run/geography/48-igneous-rocks-and-the-rock-cycle/#e1).

## The question {#question}

```conllu
# sent_id = question:geography:48-igneous-rocks-and-the-rock-cycle:e1:1
# text = Which of the following statements most accurately characterises the formation of igneous rocks?
1	Which	which	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	8	nsubj	_	_
2	of	of	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
4	following	follow	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	5	amod	_	_
5	statements	statement	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	8	obl	_	_
6	most	most	ADV	RBS	Degree=Sup	7	advmod	_	_
7	accurately	accurately	ADV	RB	_	8	advmod	_	_
8	characterises	characteris	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
9	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
10	formation	formation	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	obj	_	_
11	of	of	ADP	IN	_	13	case	_	_
12	igneous	igneous	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	13	amod	_	_
13	rocks	rock	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	10	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	?	?	PUNCT	.	_	8	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **follow** | gerund |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn occur-48.3-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 2 | **characteris** | present |  | the formation of igneous rocks |  |  |  | of the following statements; accurately *property* | tree rules |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## The options {#options}

### Option 1 · ← Mova's choice {#o1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
They are formed by the accumulation of the shells of marine organisms

```conllu
# sent_id = question:geography:48-igneous-rocks-and-the-rock-cycle:e1:o1:1
# text = They are formed by the accumulation of the shells of marine organisms
1	They	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	3	nsubj	_	_
2	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	3	aux:pass	_	_
3	formed	form	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
4	by	by	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	accumulation	accumulation	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	_
7	of	of	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
8	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	shells	shell	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	nmod	_	_
10	of	of	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
11	marine	marine	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	12	amod	_	_
12	organisms	organism	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	9	nmod	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **form** | present · passive | the accumulation of the shells of marine organisms | They |  |  |  |  | vn appear-48.1.1 «PP.location V NP»: agent=Location subject=Theme |
| 2 | **accumulate** |  |  | the shells of marine organisms |  |  |  |  | nom accumulation «process transitive»: of=patient |

### Option 2 {#o2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
They are formed by the alteration of rock by heat and pressure without melting

```conllu
# sent_id = question:geography:48-igneous-rocks-and-the-rock-cycle:e1:o2:1
# text = They are formed by the alteration of rock by heat and pressure without melting
1	They	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	3	nsubj	_	_
2	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	3	aux:pass	_	_
3	formed	form	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
4	by	by	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	alteration	alteration	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	_
7	of	of	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
8	rock	rock	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nmod	_	_
9	by	by	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
10	heat	heat	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	_
11	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	12	cc	_	_
12	pressure	pressure	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	conj	_	_
13	without	without	SCONJ	IN	_	14	mark	_	_
14	melting	melt	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	3	advcl	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **form** | present · passive | the alteration of rock | They |  |  |  | by heat and pressure | vn appear-48.1.1 «PP.location V NP»: agent=Location subject=Theme |
| 2 | **melt** | gerund | the alteration of rock *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn other\_cos-45.4-1 «NP.patient V»: agent=Patient |
| 3 | **alter** |  |  | rock |  |  |  |  | nom alteration «event transitive»: of=patient |

### Option 3 {#o3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
They are formed by the cementation of compacted sediment

```conllu
# sent_id = question:geography:48-igneous-rocks-and-the-rock-cycle:e1:o3:1
# text = They are formed by the cementation of compacted sediment
1	They	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	3	nsubj	_	_
2	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	3	aux:pass	_	_
3	formed	form	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
4	by	by	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	cementation	cementation	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	_
7	of	of	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
8	compacted	compact	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	9	amod	_	_
9	sediment	sediment	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nmod	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **form** | present · passive | the cementation of compacted sediment | They |  |  |  |  | vn appear-48.1.1 «PP.location V NP»: agent=Location subject=Theme |
| 2 | **compact** | participle |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn bend-45.2 «NP.patient V»: agent=Patient |

### Option 4 · ✓ the right answer {#o4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
They are formed by the cooling and solidification of molten rock

```conllu
# sent_id = question:geography:48-igneous-rocks-and-the-rock-cycle:e1:o4:1
# text = They are formed by the cooling and solidification of molten rock
1	They	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	3	nsubj	_	_
2	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	3	aux:pass	_	_
3	formed	form	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
4	by	by	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	cooling	cooling	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	_
7	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	8	cc	_	_
8	solidification	solidification	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	conj	_	_
9	of	of	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
10	molten	molten	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	11	amod	_	_
11	rock	rock	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nmod	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **form** | present · passive | the cooling of molten rock and solidification | They |  |  |  |  | vn appear-48.1.1 «PP.location V NP»: agent=Location subject=Theme |
| 2 | **cool** |  |  | molten rock |  |  |  |  | nom cooling «process transitive»: of=patient |

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**Text:** the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (`world/data/school/`), as the course runner gave them to the student. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

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