---
title: Which of the following statements most accurately characterises the… — Weathering and erosion · tree and pragmatics
description: Which of the following statements most accurately characterises the consequence of deforestation upon soil? Exam question 4 of lesson 52 «Weathering and erosion» of the geography course of Mova's primary school, with the dependency tree and pragmatics of the question and of each option; Mova's choic
---

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# Exam question 4 · Weathering and erosion

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Which of the following statements most accurately characterises the consequence of deforestation upon soil?

<!-- .vintro -->
**Mova's choice:** option 1 · **The right answer:** option 1 · right ✓ · **What happens:** follow, characteris · **To what, where:** consequence

<!-- .vabout -->
This is exam question 4 of lesson 52 «Weathering and erosion» of the geography course of Mova's primary school, asked in stiff, formal language. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: [the test at school](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/school-run/geography/52-weathering-and-erosion/#e4).

## The question {#question}

```conllu
# sent_id = question:geography:52-weathering-and-erosion:e4:1
# text = Which of the following statements most accurately characterises the consequence of deforestation upon soil?
1	Which	which	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	8	nsubj	_	_
2	of	of	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
4	following	follow	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	5	amod	_	_
5	statements	statement	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	8	obl	_	_
6	most	most	ADV	RBS	Degree=Sup	7	advmod	_	_
7	accurately	accurately	ADV	RB	_	8	advmod	_	_
8	characterises	characteris	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
9	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
10	consequence	consequence	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	obj	_	_
11	of	of	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
12	deforestation	deforestation	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	nmod	_	_
13	upon	upon	ADP	IN	_	14	case	_	_
14	soil	soil	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	?	?	PUNCT	.	_	8	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **follow** | gerund |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn occur-48.3-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 2 | **characteris** | present |  | the consequence of deforestation |  |  |  | of the following statements; upon soil; accurately *property* | tree rules |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## The options {#options}

### Option 1 · ← Mova's choice · ✓ the right answer {#o1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Erosion of soil may proceed many times more rapidly than at natural rates

```conllu
# sent_id = question:geography:52-weathering-and-erosion:e4:o1:1
# text = Erosion of soil may proceed many times more rapidly than at natural rates
1	Erosion	erosion	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
2	of	of	ADP	IN	_	3	case	_	_
3	soil	soil	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	nmod	_	_
4	may	may	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	5	aux	_	_
5	proceed	proceed	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	0	root	_	_
6	many	many	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	_
7	times	time	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	obl:unmarked	_	_
8	more	more	ADV	RBR	Degree=Cmp	9	advmod	_	_
9	rapidly	rapidly	ADV	RB	_	5	advmod	_	_
10	than	than	ADP	IN	_	13	case	_	_
11	at	at	ADP	IN	_	13	case	_	_
12	natural	natural	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	13	amod	_	_
13	rates	rate	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	9	obl	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **proceed** | may | Erosion of soil |  |  |  | time | rapidly *property* | vn begin-55.1 «NP V S\_INF»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **erode** |  |  | soil |  |  |  |  | nom erosion «process transitive»: of=patient |

### Option 2 {#o2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Soil is thereby rendered immune to erosion

```conllu
# sent_id = question:geography:52-weathering-and-erosion:e4:o2:1
# text = Soil is thereby rendered immune to erosion
1	Soil	soil	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj:pass	_	_
2	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	aux:pass	_	_
3	thereby	thereby	ADV	RB	_	4	advmod	_	_
4	rendered	render	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
5	immune	immune	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obj	_	_
6	to	to	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
7	erosion	erosion	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nmod	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **render** | present · passive |  | Soil |  |  |  | thereby *property* | vn give-13.1 «NP V NP-Dative NP»: subject=Recipient immune=Theme |

### Option 3 {#o3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Soil formation is thereby accelerated beyond all natural rates observed

```conllu
# sent_id = question:geography:52-weathering-and-erosion:e4:o3:1
# text = Soil formation is thereby accelerated beyond all natural rates observed
1	Soil	soil	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	compound	_	_
2	formation	formation	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj:pass	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	aux:pass	_	_
4	thereby	thereby	ADV	RB	_	5	advmod	_	_
5	accelerated	accelerate	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
6	beyond	beyond	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
7	all	all	DET	DT	PronType=Tot	9	det	_	_
8	natural	natural	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	9	amod	_	_
9	rates	rate	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	obl	_	_
10	observed	observe	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	9	acl	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **accelerate** | present · passive |  | Soil formation |  |  |  | beyond all natural rates; thereby *property* | vn other\_cos-45.4 «NP V NP.patient»: subject=Patient |
| 2 | **observe** | participle |  | all natural rates *not said here* |  |  |  |  | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent |

### Option 4 {#o4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
No consequence whatsoever is observed

```conllu
# sent_id = question:geography:52-weathering-and-erosion:e4:o4:1
# text = No consequence whatsoever is observed
1	No	no	DET	DT	PronType=Neg	2	det	_	_
2	consequence	consequence	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
3	whatsoever	whatsoever	PRON	WP	PronType=Rel	5	nsubj:pass	_	_
4	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	aux:pass	_	_
5	observed	observe	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	2	acl:relcl	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **observe** | present · passive |  | whatsoever |  |  |  |  | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V NP.topic»: subject=Topic |

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**Text:** the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (`world/data/school/`), as the course runner gave them to the student. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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- ← previous: [Weathering and erosion, exam 3](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/questions/geography/52-weathering-and-erosion/e3/)
- next →: [Rivers shaping the land, test 1](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/questions/geography/53-rivers-shaping-the-land/t1/)
- ↑ back to [Weathering and erosion](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/questions/geography/52-weathering-and-erosion/)