--- title: A pavement is pushed up and cracked next to a big old tree. Why? — Weathering and erosion · tree and pragmatics description: A pavement is pushed up and cracked next to a big old tree. Why? Test 4 of lesson 52 «Weathering and erosion» of the geography course of Mova's primary school, with the dependency tree and pragmatics of the question and of each option; Mova's choice was right. --- [Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/questions/geography/52-weathering-and-erosion/t4/) [home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [questions](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/questions/) / [Geography](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/questions/geography/) / [Weathering and erosion](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/questions/geography/52-weathering-and-erosion/) / t4 # Test 4 · Weathering and erosion A pavement is pushed up and cracked next to a big old tree. Why? **Mova's choice:** option 2 · **The right answer:** option 2 · right ✓ · **What happens:** push up, crack · **To what, where:** pavement This is test 4 of lesson 52 «Weathering and erosion» of the geography course of Mova's primary school. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: [the test at school](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/school-run/geography/52-weathering-and-erosion/#t4). ## The question {#question} *Sentence 1:* A pavement is pushed up and cracked next to a big old tree. ```conllu # sent_id = question:geography:52-weathering-and-erosion:t4:1 # text = A pavement is pushed up and cracked next to a big old tree. 1 A a DET DT Definite=Ind|PronType=Art 2 det _ _ 2 pavement pavement NOUN NN Number=Sing 4 nsubj:pass _ _ 3 is be AUX VBZ Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 4 aux:pass _ _ 4 pushed push VERB VBN Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass 0 root _ _ 5 up up ADP RP _ 4 compound:prt _ _ 6 and and CCONJ CC _ 7 cc _ _ 7 cracked crack VERB VBD Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 4 conj _ _ 8 next next ADV RB _ 7 advmod _ _ 9 to to ADP IN _ 13 case _ _ 10 a a DET DT Definite=Ind|PronType=Art 13 det _ _ 11 big big ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 13 amod _ _ 12 old old ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 13 amod _ _ 13 tree tree NOUN NN Number=Sing 7 obl _ SpaceAfter=No 14 . . PUNCT . _ 4 punct _ _ ``` | # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | 1 | **push up** | present · passive | | a pavement | | | | | vn carry-11.4-1-1 «NP V NP»: subject=Theme | | 2 | **crack** | past | | | | | | to a big old tree *result*; next *property* | vn break-45.1 «NP V PP.result»: agent=Patient to tree=Result | One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree. *Sentence 2:* Why? ```conllu # sent_id = question:geography:52-weathering-and-erosion:t4:2 # text = Why? 1 Why why ADV WRB PronType=Int 0 root _ SpaceAfter=No 2 ? ? PUNCT . _ 1 punct _ _ ``` The frames reader finds no event or fact in this sentence. ## The options {#options} ### Option 1 {#o1} Worms ate the stones ```conllu # sent_id = question:geography:52-weathering-and-erosion:t4:o1:1 # text = Worms ate the stones 1 Worms worm NOUN NNS Number=Plur 2 nsubj _ _ 2 ate eat VERB VBD Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 0 root _ _ 3 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 4 det _ _ 4 stones stone NOUN NNS Number=Plur 2 obj _ _ ``` | # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | 1 | **eat** | past | Worms | the stones | | | | | vn eat-39.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent stone=Patient | ### Option 2 · ← Mova's choice · ✓ the right answer {#o2} The tree's roots grew under and split it ```conllu # sent_id = question:geography:52-weathering-and-erosion:t4:o2:1 # text = The tree's roots grew under and split it 1 The the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 2 det _ _ 2 tree tree NOUN NN Number=Sing 4 nmod:poss _ SpaceAfter=No 3 's 's PART POS _ 2 case _ _ 4 roots root NOUN NNS Number=Plur 5 nsubj _ _ 5 grew grow VERB VBD Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 0 root _ _ 6 under under ADP IN _ 5 obl _ _ 7 and and CCONJ CC _ 8 cc _ _ 8 split split VERB VB VerbForm=Inf 5 conj _ _ 9 it it PRON PRP Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs 8 obj _ _ ``` | # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | 1 | **grow** | past | the tree's roots | | | | | | vn appear-48.1.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme | | 2 | **split** | infinitive | the tree's roots *not said here* | tree | | | | | vn break-45.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent it=Patient | ### Option 3 {#o3} Rain made the pavement swell and grow ```conllu # sent_id = question:geography:52-weathering-and-erosion:t4:o3:1 # text = Rain made the pavement swell and grow 1 Rain rain NOUN NN Number=Sing 2 nsubj _ _ 2 made make VERB VBD Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 0 root _ _ 3 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 4 det _ _ 4 pavement pavement NOUN NN Number=Sing 2 obj _ _ 5 swell swell VERB VB VerbForm=Inf 2 xcomp _ _ 6 and and CCONJ CC _ 7 cc _ _ 7 grow grow VERB VB VerbForm=Inf 5 conj _ _ ``` | # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | 1 | **make** | past | Rain | the pavement | | | | | tree rules | | 2 | **swell** | infinitive | the pavement *not said here* | | | | | | vn calibratable\_cos-45.6.1-1 «NP.attribute V»: agent=Attribute | | 3 | **grow** | infinitive | the pavement *not said here* | | | | | | vn appear-48.1.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme | ### Option 4 {#o4} The pavement melted in the hot summer sun ```conllu # sent_id = question:geography:52-weathering-and-erosion:t4:o4:1 # text = The pavement melted in the hot summer sun 1 The the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 2 det _ _ 2 pavement pavement NOUN NN Number=Sing 0 root _ _ 3 melted melt VERB VBN Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass 2 acl _ _ 4 in in ADP IN _ 8 case _ _ 5 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 8 det _ _ 6 hot hot ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 8 amod _ _ 7 summer summer NOUN NN Number=Sing 8 compound _ _ 8 sun sun NOUN NN Number=Sing 3 obl _ _ ``` | # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | 1 | **melt** | participle | | the pavement *not said here* | | the hot summer sun | | | vn other\_cos-45.4-1 «NP.patient V»: agent=Patient | **Text:** the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (`world/data/school/`), as the course runner gave them to the student. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License. - ← previous: [Weathering and erosion, test 3](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/questions/geography/52-weathering-and-erosion/t3/) - next →: [Weathering and erosion, test 5](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/questions/geography/52-weathering-and-erosion/t5/) - ↑ back to [Weathering and erosion](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/questions/geography/52-weathering-and-erosion/)